MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING UNIVERSITY GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE AND BANKING SUBJECT CODE: 7340201 NGUYỄN QUỲNH HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING UNIVERSITY GRADUATION THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE AND BANKING SUBJECT CODE: 7340201 Student’s name: NGUYỄN QUỲNH Student code: 050608200598 Class: HQ8-GE06 SUPERVISOR Ph.D NGUYỄN THỊ NHƯ QUỲNH HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024. i ABSTRACT Capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a financial indicator that measures a bank's operational safety and risk management. The bank has a stable capital adequacy ratio that can withstand financial risks arising in the future.
Therefore, the author chooses the thesis topic "Factors Affecting Capital Adequacy Ratio of Commercial Banks in Vietnam" as an empirical study to identify factors that considerably impact the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of 25 commercial banks in Vietnam in 2013-2022. The independent variables that the author included in the study to hypothesize the regression model include Return on assets (ROA), Size of the bank (SIZE), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Loan Assets Ratio (LOA), Loan loss reserves (LLR), Lidiquity (LIQ) and Leverage (LEV). Using the Pooled OLS Regression Model, Fixed Effects Model, Random Effects Model, Feasible General Least Square Model, and regression model tests, the author concluded that the research results from the Feasible General Least Square estimation method as the final study conclusion. The results of the study illustrate that the factors banks that negatively affect the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of Vietnamese commercial banks are ROA, SIZE, LOA and LEV.
In contrast, NIM positively impacts the commercial banks’ capital (CAR). Besides, LLR and LIQ have no statistical significance in the research model. From there, relevant policy implications will be proposed to improve management activities of the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks in the future. ii TÓM TẮT Tỷ lệ an toàn vốn (CAR) là chỉ số tài chính đo lường mức độ an toàn về hoạt động và quản trị rủi ro của ngân hàng.
Ngân hàng có chỉ số an toàn vốn ổn định có khả năng chống chọi với những rủi ro tài chính phát sinh trong tương lai. Vì thế, tác giả lựa chọn đề tài khoá luận "Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến tỷ lệ an toàn vốn của các ngân hàng thương mại tại Việt Nam" là nghiên cứu thực nghiệm nhằm xác định các yếu tố tác động đáng kể đến tỷ lệ an toàn vốn (CAR) của 25 ngân hàng thương mại tại Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 2013-2022. Các biến độc lập mà tác giả đưa vào nghiên cứu để đưa ra giả thuyết về mô hình hồi quy bao gồm Lợi nhuận trên tài sản (ROA), Quy mô ngân hàng (SIZE), Biên lãi ròng (NIM), Quy mô khoản vay (LOA), Dự phòng tổn thất cho vay (LLR), Khả năng thanh khoản (LIQ) và Đòn bẩy tài chính (LEV). Sử dụng mô hình hồi quy bằng phương pháp bình phương nhỏ nhất, mô hình tác động cố định, mô hình tác động ngẫu nhiên, mô hình bình phương nhỏ nhất tổng quát và các kiểm định mô hình hồi quy, tác giả kết luận rằng kết quả nghiên cứu từ phương pháp ước tính bình phương tối thiểu chung khả thi là kết luận nghiên cứu cuối cùng.
Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy các yếu tố ngân hàng ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến tỷ lệ an toàn vốn (CAR) của các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam là ROA, SIZE, LOA và LEV. Ngược lại, yếu tố NIM tác động tích cực đến vốn của các ngân hàng thương mại (CAR). Bên cạnh đó, LLR và LIQ không có ý nghĩa thống kê trong mô hình nghiên cứu. Từ đó đề xuất các hàm ý chính sách liên quan để có thể cải thiện hoạt động quản lí tỷ lệ an toàn vốn của các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam trong tương lai.
iii DISCLOSURE This thesis course is the author's research work, and the results are truthful. Others make no previously published content or content except for quotes fully sourced in the thesis. The author gathered the information, data, and content cited from various sources, which are highly reliable and cited in the reference section. Author Nguyễn Quỳnh iv THANK YOU I especially want to thank my supervisor, Nguyen Thi Nhu Quynh, for guiding me in completing my graduation thesis in recent years.
Although there are not many meetings and exchanges with her, most are by phone or the Internet, she always wholeheartedly guides me. Thereby, I can complete one of my theses in the best way. With limited conditions, time, and experience, this essay cannot avoid shortcomings. I look forward to receiving the guidance and comments of the teachers so that I can have additional conditions, raise my awareness, and better serve in future teaching.
Thank you very much! v LIST OF ACRONYMS NO ACRONYMS MEANING 1 Pooled OLS Regression Model Pooled-OLS 2 Fixed Effects Model FEM 3 Random Effects Model REM 4 Feasible General Least Square Model FGLS 5 Capital Adequacy Ratio CAR 6 Return On Total Assets ROA 7 Bank Size SIZE 8 Net Interest Margin NIM 9 Loan Loss Reserve LLR 10 Loan Assets Ratio LOA 11 Liquidity LIQ vi 12 Leverage LEV vii Contents DISCLOSURE. iii THANK YOU .iv LIST OF ACRONYMS. v LIST OF TABLES. x LIST OF FIGURES.
THE NECESSITY OF THE RESEARCH. Necessity of the research. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH.
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH. CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH. OVERVIEW OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO.
FACTORS IMPACTING THE CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO. THE RESEARCH PROCESS. MEASUREMENT OF RESEARCH VARIABLES AND DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESIS. 36 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Check for multicollinearity. REGRESSION MODEL AND VALIDATION MODEL RESULTS. Validation model results.
Inspection of Fixed Effects Model (FEM) defects. Overcoming the research model and GLS regression model method. SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSS RESEARCH RESULTS. 58 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 4.
LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH. Limitations of the topic. Further research directions. 64 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 5.
66 x LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Summary of previous studies .2: Statistics of expected signs of variables in the model .1: Statistics of variables .2: Correlation coefficients between research variables .3: Results of multicollinearity test .4: Results of Pooled – OLS, FEM and REM .5: Results of the Hausman test .6: Results of Breusch and Pagan LM test .7: Results of Modified Wald test .8: Results of Wooldridge test .9: Results of FGLS model troubleshooting .10: Summary of estimated results. 57 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: The process of the research .1: The average CAR of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .2: The average ROA of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .3: The average SIZE of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .4: The average NIM of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .5: The average LLR of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .6: The average LOA of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .7: The average LIQ of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022 .8: The average LEV of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2013 to 2022. THE NECESSITY OF THE RESEARCH 1. Problems The essence of the business that commercial banks carry out is currency trading and banking services.
Banking performs an intermediary role in the economy because it is a field directly related to all sectors of socio-economic life. To operate a business, commercial banks must have capital and financial autonomy. Banks may hold at least the optimal level of capital in relation to the risk and risk of bank default. Therefore, this incident requires authorities to regulate bank capital (Rime, 2001).
The overall purpose of regulation is to reduce risk and increase the system's reliability by providing sufficient capital. This will help the banking system continue as a mediator without interruption. Capital adequacy ratio is an important criterion, a measure of well-being and reliability for banks and financial institutions (Aspal and Nazneen, 2014). A bank's operations will be guaranteed when its capital is maintained at a safe level, and the bank may face losses and ensure the safety of fixed assets when the economy becomes unfavorable.
(Abusharba et al., 2013; Aspal and Nazneen, 2014). With this capital adequacy ratio, the investor can determine the bank's ability to pay due debts and risks. This ratio is also used to warn depositors against bank risks (Aspal and Nazneen, 2014). Necessity of the research In recent years, Vietnamese commercial banks have gradually oriented their systems closer to international standards, taking that as a prerequisite to ensure the maximum reduction of systemic risks in the bank.
Vietnam still needs to have unified regulations on banks' capital adequacy ratios. Banks need to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio of 8% if they comply with regulations on capital adequacy ratio according to Circular No. By the end of 2023, more than 20 commercial banks are implementing Basel II at the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) request in Circular No. 41/2016, dated December 30, 2 2016, regulating the capital adequacy ratio for banks and foreign bank branches.
The State Bank issued Circular No. 41/2016, regulating capital adequacy ratios for banks and foreign branches. The banking system needs to meet Basel II standards, including three pillars: Pillar I focuses on determining the minimum capital adequacy ratio that a bank needs to maintain against market risks, credit risks, and operational risks; Pillar II is the risk management monitoring process of an organization; Pillar III is information disclosure by banks (Chen, 2023). Being in a situation where the capital adequacy ratio is too high or too low is detrimental to the bank.
Suppose the capital adequacy ratio is too high. In that case, banks cannot provide capital for investment projects and only invest in assets with a lower level of risk, leading to lower capital efficiency and lower profits. On the contrary, when banks have low capital adequacy ratios, their ability to cope with crises and economic shocks will decrease. Therefore, maintaining the capital adequacy ratio at an appropriate level by controlling factors that affect the capital adequacy ratio will help the bank use capital effectively and maintain safe banking operations (Lê Hồng Thái, 2020).
In this study, the factors that are the main influencing factors on the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2013-2022 will be studied. Based on the results obtained from the research, several solutions are proposed for both micro (for commercial banks) and macro (for state banks) to contribute to the development of the Vietnamese economy—the stable development of the Joint Stock Commercial Bank in particular and the Vietnamese banking system in general. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH 1. General objectives The general objective of the research is to examine the factors affecting Vietnamese commercial banks' capital adequacy ratio (CAR).
From the results obtained, 3 the study proposes implications and policies to promote development and ensure capital adequacy efficiency for Vietnamese commercial banks. Specific objectives To achieve the general objectives, the study undertakes the following specific objectives: First, determining the influence of banking dimension factors on the CAR of Vietnamese commercial banks. Second, the degree and dimensions of the impact of factors on banks' capital adequacy ratios are measured. Finally, based on research results, the thesis proposes some implications and policies to promote capital adequacy efficiency for Vietnamese commercial banks.
RESEARCH QUESTION To achieve these research objectives, the author will respond to the following research questions: RQ1: What factors affect the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks?