MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY ---------------------------------- THE EFFECTS OF MEANING-FOCUSED ACTIVITIES ON YOUNG LEARNERS’ SPEAKING ACTIVITIES AND ATTITUDES AT HO VAN HUE PRIMARY SCHOOL A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN TESOL SUBMITTED BY: NGUYEN HUYNH DOAN THY SUPERVISOR: ASSOC. NGUYEN THANH TUNG HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2016 Tai Lieu Chat Luong STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “The effects of meaning-focused activities on young learners’ speaking skill at Ho Van Hue Primary School” is my own work. Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Ho Chi Minh City, September 15th, 2016 Signature Nguyen Huynh Doan Thy i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Thanh Tung, my supervisor, for his encouragement and kind support for my thesis. I highly appreciate his valuable insights in his feedback to me and I am so grateful for all his guidance and confidence in my ability to accomplish the thesis.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to all students at Ho Van Hue Primary School who have been active participants in both Control Group (CG) and Experimental Group (EG). I am especially grateful to all lecturers as well as my classmates at Ho Chi Minh City Open University. Also, I am so happy and proud of my beloved family including my mother, Mrs. Huynh Thi My Le, and my husband, Mr.
Nguyen Quang Khanh, for their kind support given to me during the time I did the thesis. ii ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the effects of meaning-focused activities on young learners’ speaking performance in English teaching and learning at Ho Van Hue Primary School. Adopting Flavel’s (1963) theory of Piaget’s cognitive development as a basic theoretical framework, young learners aged 7-11 belong to the third stage of development in which they can operate concrete objects. Due to limited knowledge and experience, children only have enough ability to focus on meaning when they learn English speaking while adolescents in the fourth stage seem to be fully developed for formal operations.
Data on speaking lessons from a set of eight units in Fun for Movers (Robinson & Saxby, 2015) were selected carefully by the researcher to form the basis for a teaching program in which meaning-focused activities were employed to teach English speaking to the 4th graders of age 10. An experimental study was carried out with three main instruments of tests, questionnaires and interviews. As for the analytical framework, independent samples t-tests for the pretest and posttest were run on SPSS of version 22.0 and descriptive statictics were employed for questionnaires and interviews. The outcomes of the research show that meaning-focused activities have positive effects on young learners’ speaking performance.
Additionally, from participating in the propgram, the students express their enthusiasm, engagement and motivation when they learn speaking English with this intervention. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. III LIST OF TABLES. VI LIST OF FIGURES.
VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE MEANING-FOCUSED APPROACH. A DESCRIPTION OF MEANING-FOCUSED AND FORM-FOCUSED APPROACH TEACHING 9 2. THEORY OF ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT. POSITIONING MEANING-FOCUSED ACTIVITIES IN META-COGNITION.
PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF MEANING-FOCUSED ACTIVITIES ON YOUNG LEARNERS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCES. METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION. Data collection process. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENTS.
Reliability and validity of tests. Reliability and validity of questionnaires. Reliability and validity of interviews. 56 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS.
Reliability and validity of tests. Data analysis of tests. Data analysis of the questionnaires and interviews. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS.
Discussion of the findings of the first research question “To what extend do meaning-focused activities affect young learners’ speaking ability?”. Discussion of the findings of the second research question “What are young learners’ attitudes towards meaning-focused activities in learning speaking?”. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF METHODOLOGY. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.
130 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Summary of the schedule of real observations from the textbook of Fun for Movers Table 2.4: Previous studies on meaning-focused activities on young learners’ speaking ability Table 3.1a: Components of a Cambridge Test for Young Learners (YLs) Table 3.1b: Three-point Likert scale of the questionnaire Table 3.1c: Schedule of the focus group interview in week 7 on April 15th, 2016 Table 3.2: The process of collecting questionnaire, interview and tests Table 4.1a: Reliability of pretest for the CG and EG Table 4.1b: Reliability of posttest for CG and EG Table 4.2a: Inter-reliability of pretest for CG and EG Table 4.2b: Mean and SD of pretest for CG and EG Table 4.: Inter-reliability of the posttest for the CG and EG Table 4.: Mean and SD of the posttest for CG and EG Table 4. Comparison of mean and Std. Deviation of the CG and EG in the pretest Table 4. Independent-Samples Test of levels between the CG and EG in the pretest Table 4.2a: Comparison of mean and std.
deviation of the CG and EG in the posttest Table 4. Independent Samples Test of levels between the CG and EG in the posttest Table 4. Report on the difference of levels between the CG and EG in the posttest Table 4. Frequency and percentage of students’ general attitudes towards learning English speaking Table 4.1b: Students’ perceptions on the benefits of meaning-focused activities vi Table 4.2b: Students’ feelings towards meaning-focused activities in learning English speaking Table 4.1c: Desire to learn speaking with meaning-focused activities Table 4.2: Three-point Likert scale of the questionnaire vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.2: A model of the Zone of Proximal Development.
viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CG Control group EG Experimental group ELLiE Early Language Learning in Europe HVH PS Ho Van Hue Primary School MOET Ministry of Education and Training PSs Primary Students YLs Young Learners ZPD Zone of Proximal Development ix Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study Within the constraints of the form-focused instruction, the teaching and learning of English speaking has faced some problems refraining fluent speech. One of the most common challenges is that a majority of English teachers tend to use the traditional method in speaking lessons. Based on real observations in some primary classes at Ho Van Hue Primary School, the author of this study could identify some common activities in a speaking period: using Vietnamese to explain the new lessons, writing sample structures on the board, asking students to copy sentences in their notebooks, and forcing students to learn model utterances by heart.
As a consequence, students become passive learners when they learn English speaking with this instruction because they do not have many opportunities to express their ideas freely and share their feelings in pair or group work. They tend to be like parrots listening to the teacher’s explanation and repeating after him/her the utterances as required. Not only does the teacher talk more than students, but he/she also often interrupts them to correct grammatical mistakes when they practice speaking English. A speaking period turns out to be a reading and writing lesson including formal operations in terms of accuracy.
The author of this study spent time observing some classes in various levels from grade three to grade five at Ho Van Hue Primary School to draw out the instruction which teachers often used in teaching English speaking. The popular approach is summarized in the table on the next page. As can be seen from this table, most of teachers use form-focused instruction to guide their students to learn English speaking in terms of speaking part one about find the differences, speaking part two about a picture story, speaking part three about odd one out, and speaking part four about personal information. Instead of adopting a learner-centred approach and taking their role as coordinators or facilitators, a majority of the teachers at this primary school still use a traditional approach in speaking lessons.
For example, first, instead of giving time for students to work in groups to brainstorm what they could see in the pictures, these teachers wrote the sample structures on the board: “In picture A, there is …, but in picture B, 1 there are…”, or “Here, the boy is laughing, but there, the girl is crying…” Second, the Table 1.1: Summary of the schedule of real observations from the textbook Fun for Movers Teacher Session Methodology Date Time Place 1st 1) Unit 41: Form-focused March 7:30 a. Class teacher Saying yes or no instruction 4th, 2016 – 3/1 (Speaking Part 1) 8:05 a. 2) Unit 34: Form-focused March 15:00 Class What’s in instruction 11th, p. 2nd 3) Unit 33: On Form-focused March 9:00 a.
Class teacher your feet and on instruction 18th, – 4/3 your head 2016 9:35 a. (Speaking Part 3) 4) Unit 9: My Form-focused March 15:35 Class family instruction + 25th, p. – 4/4 (Speaking Part 4) Meaning-focused 2016 16:05 instruction p. 3rd 5) Unit 13: Form-focused April 1st, 9:35 a.
Class teacher Different homes instruction 2016 – 5/1 (Speaking Part 1) 10:05 a. 6) Unit 32: Why Form-focused April 8st, 13:45 Class is Sally crying? instruction 2016 p. 4th 7) Unit 25: Form-focused April 10:05 Class teacher Which one is instruction 15th, a. 8) Unit 11: Form-focused April 15:35 Class Things we eat instruction + 22nd, p.
– 5/4 and drink Meaning-focused 2016 16:05 (Speaking Part 4) instruction p. 2 teachers often ask their students to listen to their explanations and repeat these structures after them and some representative students are called on to take turns to say the structures aloud in front of the class. Third, teachers give them from five to seven minutes to copy down the sample structures into their notebooks. The last step is that the teachers let their students to work individually from four to six minutes to practice speaking English and present in front of the class.
This way of teaching and learning English speaking leads to lots of problems refraining students from fluent speech. Because a period at a primary school lasts only 35 minutes, students are too young to copy the content on the board into their notebooks quickly. Furthermore, as the class size in a public school is often over 40 students, they have few chances to focus on practicing speaking English. Therefore, a period of learning English speaking tends to become a kind of doing grammar exercises as required by the teacher.
Although current guidelines from such publishers as Cambridge, Oxford and Macmillan encourage teachers to innovate their ways of teaching by applying the new method of communicative language teaching in a speaking lesson, a minority of Vietnamese teachers follow this recommendation because of the class facilities in public schools. The class size is usually more than 40 students per class with different levels from excellent to less able ones. This leads to the difficulty for the teacher to divide the class into small groups for them to have more chances to develop their speaking skill inside the classroom.