NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HCMC INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM-THE NETHERLANDS PROJECT ON DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIR.EC'f INVESTMENT ON E,'{PQRTS CASE FOR VIETNAM (1988-1995) by NGUYEN TO KlEU TRINH 1. KAREL JANSEN, Ph. NGUYEN TRi HUNG, M.A Lhe,ris submilled in par!ialfoljilmenl if!he T()([lliremenl for !he degree if MASTtR Of ARTS lll tCOMOMICS Of DtlU. /fq•'-~ HO CHI MINH CITY, December 19~----- ------------- ·- CERTIFICATION "I certify that the substance of this dissertation has not already been submitted for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees.
I certify that to the best of my knowledge any help received in preparing this dissertation, and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this dissertation". Signature Nguyen To Kieu Trinh Date : December, 20th, 1996 I wish to express my thanks to authors whose thoughts are foundation for my thinking in this research paper. ABSTRACT In the context of "'Open door" and "Doi moi" policies, Foreign Direct Investment inflows in Vietnam have been considered, among other things, as having a significant impact (either direct or indirect) on the development process, especially on the export performance of Vietnam. The export increases steadily every year from 1988 at annual average growth rate of 32.
Average annual growth rate in period 1988-90 was 44. The inflows of Foreign Direct Investment firstly concentrated in mineral and services (mainly hotels and tourism) sector, but recently it has been shifted to industrial sector. This trend is appropriate for the process of industrialisation and modernisation of Vietnam. It increases every year, from only 366 million USD of investment capital (implemented capital of 60 million USD) in 1986 up to 6,400 million USD (implemented capital of 2,000 billion USD) in 1995.
Total investment capital approached 18,228 million USD and implemented capital approached 5,878 million USD from 1988-95. Increase in exports in the context of 'Open-door' policy, among other things, in period 1988-1995, reflected the response of nice achievement, not only in short but also in long run, from the positive influence of Foreign Direct Investment although that this influence was still modest. Identifying the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on export performance of Vietnam from 1988 till 1995 is the subject of this paper. 111 Thanks are due to my classmates Hoang Due Phu, Pham Kien Phuong and Nguyen Anh T uan for their helps and interests, especially, Nguyen The Minh for his tireless assistance in providing useful data.
Words of thanks are also due to my close friend Do Dinh Nam for his tireless help in providing useful documents. I acknowledge with thanks Ms. Dang thi Kim Chi, librarian; Ms. Dinh Thi Anh Nguyet, Secretary of Project for their interests and material provisions; and my classmates and all friends for their support throughout.S of thanks are due to my family.
Many are worthy of mention. To them, I am eternally grateful. Finally, this work is devoted to my parents, Nguyen Huu Duy and Cong Tang Ton Nu Thi Le Hong, who gently bestowed me with curiosity and concern about the world. Needless to say, any remaining mistakes or omissions are entirely mine.
IV TABlE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 TABLE OF COTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES V11 LIST OF CHARTS X Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study 4 1.4 Organisation of the Study 4 Chapter 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND EVIDENCES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ITS IMPACTS ON EXPORTS 2.1 Definition of FDI 5 2.2 Theoretical Foundation of FDI and evidences of its 5 Impacts on Exports 2.1 Theoretical Foundation ofFDI 5 2.1 Models and Forms ofFDI 5 a) Models ofFDI 5 a.l Export-Oriented FDI (EO FDI) 6 a.2 Import-Substituting FDI (IS FDI) 8 a.3 Market- and Technology- Accessing FDI 9 \' a.4 Diversified FDI (DI FDI) 10 b) Forms ofFDI 10 *Summary 11 2.2 Flying-Geese Pattern of FDI in Asia, Globalization of 11 Production, Japanese-Type FDI and Sectoral Composition *Summary 12 Globalisation of Production 12 Japanese-Type FDI 14 2.2 Impacts ofFDI on Exports 16 a) Review of Theories ofFDI 16 * Product-Cycle Theory 16 * Exchange rate FDI Them y 19 * Eclectic Theory 21 *Swnmary 22 b) Evidences about the Impact of FDI on Exports 23 * FDI as a Source of Export Growth 23 * More evidences 25 * Evidences from previous Studies and Surveys 36 c) Evidences from Case Studies 38 c.l Thailand- Implied Policy 38 c.2 China -Implied Policy 42 c.3 Singapore- Implied Policy 45 Summary of the Impact of FDI on Exports of the Host 49 Country and Implied Policy for Attracting FDI Cbapter3 FDI IN VIETNAM AND ITS IMPACT ON VIETNAM'S EXPORTS 3.2 Impact ofFDI on Exports 66 VI * Evidences 66 * More Evidences 73 a. Some evidences from industrial and mining sector 77 b. Hotels and Tourism 87 c. Export Processing Zones (EPZs) 88 *Remarks 91 Chapter 4 ESTIMATION MODEL *Justification for the Use of the Model 93 Conclusion 96 Chapter 5 RESULTS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTION FOR THE FURTHER STUDY 5.1 Results of the Study for the Case of Vietnam 97 5.2 Summary and Conclusion 98 5.4 Suggestion for Further Study 99 APPENDIX Box 1 100 Box2 102 Table 17.2 104 Table 46 105 REFERENCES 106 Vll UST OF TABLES Page 01 Selected Capital Flows to Developing Countries 01 02 Top-10 FDI-Received Developing Countries in 1970s and 1980s 03 03 Average Inflows of FDI to Developing Regions, by Region, 13 1970-79, 1980-85.
1986-90 04 Monthly Yen Appreciation after The Plaza Accord 20 05 Net FDI, 1982-1989 20 06 Labour Force by Region, 1950-2020 26 07 The Hourly Cost of Labour per Skilled Labour in 1993 27 08 Exchange Rate (Annual Average) and Real Exchange Rate 28 (RER) 09 The Increase of Wage Rate (Monthly earnings) 29 10 Foreign Direct Investment in Selected Asian Countries and 29 China 11 The World's Imports from 1980-94 30 12 Growth Rate of Real GDP 31 13 Merchandise Exports of NIEs, ASEAN4, Asia and the World 32 14 Export Composition of NIEs and ASEAN4 33 15 FDI by Sector 37 16 The Share of Foreign Affiliates in Manufacture Exports, 38 Selected Years and Countries 17 Selected Data for Thailand 39 Vlll 18 Trends in FDI, Thailand 1980-89 40 19 Selected Data for China 43 20 Selected Data for Singapore 46 21 Contribution of Foreign Capital to Singapore's Manufacturing 47 Sector (1975-89) 22 Comparative Performance of Foreign and Local Establishments 48 in the Singaporean Manufacturing Sector, 1989 23 Selected Indicators for Vietnam 52 24 Average Growth Rate of Some Selected Indicators 56 25 The Top-15 Foreign Investors in Vietnam 57 26 Investment Projects by Type of Economic Activity 60 27 Allocation of FDI in Sectors of Vietnam from 1988-95 61 28 Sectoral Shares in GOP by Economic Sector 59 29 Vietnam's Major Exports from 1988-95 62 30 Annual GDP Growth Rate by Sector in Vietnam's Economy 64 31 Forms of FDI, on Annual Basis (by July 7, 1994) 64 32 The 15-Most-Invested Provinces 65 33 Oil Exports from 1986-95 68 34 Estimated Annual Oil Production to the Year 2000 68 35 Planned Real GOP Growth Rate from 1996-2000 69 36 Comparing Incentives for FDI in ASEAN Countries 71 37 The Contribution of FOI projects to the Merchandise Exports of 74 Vietnam, 1988-95 38 Structure of Vietnam Merchandise Exports from 1988-95 78 39 Annual Exports of Textiles and Garments, 1988-95 80 40 Upgrading Projects of Cement Plants 82 41 Cement Joint Ventures Licensed and Proposed Cement Projects 83 42 Existing Steel Joint Ventures 84 lX 43 Moto-Bike Demand in Vietnam, 1996-2000 86 44 Some Indicators of Tourism in Vietnam 88 45 Land Area of EPZs and IZs 89 17.1 Regression Estimates of the Impact of FDI on the Exports 95 Performance of Thailand, 1971-92 19.1 Regression Estimates of the Impact of FDI on the Exports 95 Performance of China, 1979-92 20.1 Regression Estimates of the Impact of FDI on the Exports 96 Performance of Singapore, 1971-93 23.1 Regression Estimates of the Impact of FDI on the Exports 97 Performance of Vietnam, 1988-95 17.2 Full Results for Thailand Case 103 19.2 Full Results for China Case 103 20.2 Full Results for Singapore Case 104 23.2 Full Results for Vietnam Case 104 46 Selected Data for United States 105 X UST OF FIGURES Page 01 FDI Flows to Developing Countries are Concentrated into Two Regions, 02 1990-94 02 Annual GDP Growth Rate of Vietnam, 1988-95 53 03 Trend of Annual Inflation Rate in Vietnam 54 04 Official Development Assistance (ODA) in Vietnam, 1988-95 55 05 FDI inflows in Industry, 1988 till the end of March 1996 63 06 The Proportion of Exported Processed Products 63 07 Trends in RER and Merchandise Exports 74 08 Trends of FDI (Registered and Implemented) and Exports of Vietnam, 75 1988-95 09 Market Share of Textiles and Garment Exports 81 CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Information Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is playing a growing role in economic development. FDI flows to developing countries have increased at a rapid pace, quadrupled from an annual average of 12.6 billion USD in 1980-85 to 51.8 billion USD in 1992-93 (reaching an estimated 38 billion USD in 1992, a fourfold increase since the mid-1980s, and a 50% increase over the past two years) and rose to 70 billion USD in 1994. Developing countries received 32 percent of total world FDI during 1992-94, up from 20 percent in the first half of the 1980s. The share ofFDI in the gross capital formation of developing countries more than doubled between 1986 and 1992, surpassing 6 percent in 1993.
Table 01 can tell us the story of increasing FDI inflows to the developing countries; from only 304 million 1993 USD in the 1960s to 12,988 million 1993 USD in the 1980s and up to 63,999 million 1993 USD in 1993 (net). From this table, we can also recognise the increasing important role of FDI if being compared to other forms of capital inflows to developing countries. From chart 01, we can see that FDI flows to developing countries are concentrated into two regions: East Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America. In general, the FDI often concentrates in some areas and countries with large 'emerging and active markets' or with the success in stabilising the macroeconomic environment, reducing price distortions, deregulating investment procedures, increasing general economic efficiency-getting the "fundamentals" right for all private investment, domestic or foreign,.
If in the 1970s, Singapore was only in the fifth rank in the top-10 FDI-received developing countries, and China and Thailand were not in this list. in 1980s, Singapore in the first position and China, Thailand are in the fourth and ninth position (table 02). Table 01 Selected Capital Flows to Developing Countries (million 1993 USD) 1960s 1970s 1980s 1991 1992 1993 Net FDI 304 3,024 12,988 34,475 44,868 63,999 Por. Inv 13 423 3,353 17,505 24,250 86,569 Net CBL 384 9,839 11,791 1,892 14,541 5,482 Gr.: Portfolio Investment; Net CBL: Net Commercial Bank Lending; G&ODF: Grants and Official Debt FlO'tt·s.
-Figures for the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s represent the annual averages for those decades. Sources: IMF, Balance of Payments, Statistics Yearbook. Various years; and World Bank, World Debt Tables Various years. (taken from Bergsman, J.
and Shen, X (1995), Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: Progress and Problems', Finance & Development, December 1995, pp. 2 Chart 01 FDI flows to Developing Countries are Concentrated into Two Regions (1 990-1994) 29% 9"A> ID&st Asia and the Pacific C Eastcm Europe and Central Asia C Latin America Ell Middle East and North America CSouthAsia • Sub-Saharan AfOOl Sources: IMF, Balance of Payments, Statistics Yearbook, Various years; and World Bank, World Debt Tables, Various years. (taken from Bergsman, J. and Shen, X (1995), 'Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: Progress and Problems, Finance & Development, December 1995, pp.