STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ********************* Vo Minh Tin THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM RETAIL COMPANIES ON THE VIETNAM STOCK MARKET GRADUATION THESIS Major: BANKING AND FINANCE CODE: 7 34 02 01 HO CHI MINH CITY- 2023 STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ********************* GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: BANKING AND FINANCE CODE: 73 4 02 01 THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM RETAIL COMPANIES ON THE VIETNAM STOCK MARKET VO MINH TIN STUDENT CODE:050606180340 HQ6-GE04 Supervisor: Dr NGUYEN THI NHU QUYNH HO CHI MINH CITY- 2023 iii ABSTRACT The thesis titled "The impact of capital structure on firm performance: Evidence from retail companies on the Vietnam stock market" is based on previous research related to capital structure and other factors affecting firm performance. The scope of the study is 25 Vietnamese retail companies in the period 2015-2022. The research aims to examine the relationship between capital structure and firm performance in the retail industry in Vietnam and provide evidence on the impact of capital structure on the development and success of companies in this sector. The research topic utilizes multivariate regression models to analyze the impact of various independent variables on the efficiency of business operations.
The dependent variable in the models is the return on assets (ROA), and the independent variables include capital structure (CS), liquidity (LIQ), firm size (Size), tangible assets (Tang), business growth (GROW), economic growth (GDP), and inflation rate (INF). The regression models used in the study include Pooled-OLS, Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Random Effects Model (REM), Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), and System Generalized Method of Moments (S-GMM). Along with the models already mentioned, statistical tests were used to determine a comprehensive and statistically significant model.The estimation results of the models indicate that the variables CS, SIZE, LIQ, and GDP positively impact business efficiency. In contrast, the variables Tang and INF have a negative impact.
Furthermore, the variable GROW does not show statistical significance in the study. Based on the research results, the study contributes to providing suggestions and policy implications for retail companies to enhance business efficiency. Keywords: Capital structure, Firm performance, S-GMM, Retail companies, Vietnam Stock market. iv TÓM TẮT Khoá luận có tựa đề "Tác động của cấu trúc vốn đến hiệu quả hoạt động doanh nghiệp từ các doanh nghiệp bán lẻ trên thị trường chứng khoán tại Việt Nam" dựa trên các nghiên cứu trước đó liên quan đến cấu trúc vốn và các yếu tố khác ảnh hưởng đến hiệu suất doanh nghiệp được thực hiện trên các doanh nghiệp.
Nghiên cứu tập trung vào 25 công ty bán lẻ Việt Nam trong khoảng thời gian từ năm 2015 đến năm 2022. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là xem xét mối quan hệ giữa cấu trúc vốn và hiệu suất doanh nghiệp trong ngành bán lẻ Việt Nam, và cung cấp bằng chứng về tác động của cấu trúc vốn đối với sự phát triển và thành công của các công ty trong lĩnh vực này. Bài nghiên cứu sử dụng mô hình hồi quy đa biến để phân tích tác động của các biến độc lập khác nhau lên hiệu quả của hoạt động kinh doanh. Biến phụ thuộc trong các mô hình là lợi nhuận trên tài sản (ROA), và các biến độc lập bao gồm cấu trúc vốn (CS), thanh khoản (LIQ), kích thước doanh nghiệp (Size), tài sản vật chất (Tang), tăng trưởng kinh doanh (GROW), tăng trưởng kinh tế (GDP) và tỷ lệ lạm phát (INF).
Các mô hình được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu bao gồm Pooled-OLS, Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Random Effects Model (REM), Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), và System Generalized Method of Moments (S-GMM). Cùng với các mô hình đã được đề cập, các kiểm định thống kê được sử dụng để xác định một mô hình toàn diện và có ý nghĩa thống kê. Kết quả ước lượng của các mô hình cho thấy rằng các biến CS, SIZE, LIQ và GDP có tác động tích cực đến hiệu suất kinh doanh. Ngược lại, các biến Tang và INF có tác động tiêu cực.
Ngoài ra, biến GROW không cho thấy ý nghĩa thống kê trong nghiên cứu. Trên cơ sở kết quả nghiên cứu, bài viết góp phần đưa ra các đề xuất và hàm ý chính sách cho các công ty bán lẻ nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả hoạt động doanh nghiệp. Keywords: Cấu trúc vốn, hiệu quả hoạt động doanh nghiệp, System Generalized Method of Moments (S-GMM), doanh nghiệp bán lẻ, thị trường chứng khoán Việt Nam v vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT .iv LIST OF ACRONYMS. x LIST OF TABLES .xi LIST OF GRAPH .xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.
REASON OF CHOOSING. THE OBJECTIVE RESEARCH. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY. CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS.
5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1. 6 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE. Definition of Firm Performance.
Measuring the business performance. THE CONCEPT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE. Perspectives on capital structure. Indicators proxy for capital structure.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE. THE RESEARCH GAPS. 28 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2. Explain the variables and develop the thesis hypothesis.
49 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3. 51 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS. REGRESSION RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH MODEL. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
64 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4. 67 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS. LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS AND PROPOSING DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH. 72 viii DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY I declare that this is my independent thesis.
The data used in the thesis are of clear origin and published following the law. The research results, in theory, are my research and analysis, honestly, objectively, and by following the reality of Vietnam. These results have not been published in any previous papers. Ho Chi Minh City, May 2023 The Author VO MINH TIN ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to send my profound gratitude to all the lecturers at Banking university, in the Office of Academic Affairs, and especially to the lecturer of faculty of Finance and the faculty of Banking lecturer while studying for a bachelor‘s degree at the Ho Chi Minh University of Banking.
Secondly, I would like to express my sincerest and most profound thankfulness to Dr Nguyen Thi Nhu Quynh for her guidance and patience in giving me valuable recommendations during my study period. I am happy and fortunate to carry out this study under her supervisor. Lastly, I thank my family for their support during my study and life. Without encouragement and sacrifice, I would not have finished this thesis, so I express my special love and gratitude to them.
In the implementation process, mistakes are inevitable despite consulting, exchanging and absorbing suggestions from teachers and friends. With the effort to improve more and more, I look forward to receiving valuable advice from teachers and friends. I sincerely thank you! x LIST OF ACRONYMS CPI Consumer Price Index CS Capital structure FEM Fixed Effects Model FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares. GDP Gross Domestic Product HNX Hanoi Stock Exchange HOSE Ho Chi Minh city Stock Exchange JSC Joint Stock Company MM theory Modigliani-Miller theorem POLS Pooled Ordinary Least Square REM Random Effects Model ROA Return on assets ROE Return on equity S-GMM Structural Generalized Method of Moments.
Tobin‘s Q the ratio between a physical asset's market value and its replacement value. UPCOM Unlisted Public Company Market VIF Variance Inflation Factor xi LIST OF TABLES Table 3. 1 Summary of hypotheses about the relationship between business performance and factors. 1 Descriptive statistics of variables.
4 Regression results of models. 7 Modified Ward test. 9 Regression result of SGMM. 10 Summary of expected hypothesis and experimental results.
67 LIST OF GRAPH Graph 3. REASON OF CHOOSING The relationship between capital structure theory and firm performance is one of the topics attracting the attention and research of pseudo-researchers in corporate finance for decades. The capital structure of a business reflects the extent to which it uses debt and equity to finance its assets. The use of More or less debt will affect managers' behavior and financial decisions at their core and, thus, impact the performance of the business (Harris & Raviv, 1991).
Therefore, considering the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance is very important because establishing and maintaining an appropriate capital structure will increase operational efficiency and maximize shareholder wealth, which is always the goal of business managers. The study on the impact of capital structure on firm performance is started from the source using data in the developed country. Roden & Lewellen (1995) examines the capital structure of 48 firms in the US during the period 1981-1990 and shows the positive relationship between capital structure and firm performance. Hadlock &James (2002) argues that firms with high profits will use more debt.
In recent years, this relationship has also been explored in developing countries develop. Majumdar & Chhibber (1999) examine the relationship between capital structure and efficiency. The performance of firms in India has shown a negative relationship between corporate debt and profitability. The retail sector in Vietnam has undergone significant development in recent years.
According to reports from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, retail revenue has experienced strong growth, with an average annual growth rate of about 10-12% from 2015-2020. 2 According to the recent survey conducted by Vietnam Report, which assessed retail businesses, it was found that 53.8% of retail enterprises in the country have reported achieving or surpassing pre-pandemic levels of business efficiency. Ngoc Quynh (2023) states that the growth of the retail sector has significantly contributed to the overall economic recovery, despite global uncertainties. Mainly, in the race to recover from the Covid-19 pandemic, the Vietnamese retail market has witnessed the acceleration of numerous companies in applying digitalization to management, operations, logistics, and distribution.
According to experts, the retail industry's development trend in 2023 and the coming years is still based on changes in consumer shopping behavior after the pandemic and the application of digitalization across the industry. Recent changes in the retail sector, from purchasing behavior, technology, labor models, and the combination of sales channels to the formation of different business models under the impact of Covid-19, create a new face for the retail industry with unique shopping experiences in the future. With this potential, the retail industry market is increasingly attractive and highly competitive. The author chose " The impact of capital structure on firm performance: Evidence from retail companies on the Vietnam stock market" as the graduate thesis.
Based on the research findings, the article proposes some policy recommendations to enhance the operational efficiency of retail businesses in Vietnam 1. THE OBJECTIVE RESEARCH 1. Overall objectives The overall objective of the thesis is to analyze the impact of capital structure on the firm performance of retail companies on the Vietnam Stock market, thereby proposing some related implications to improve the performance of these companies 1. Specific objectives 3 The thesis has some following specific objectives to achieve the above overall objective: Firstly, suggesting the model research on the impact of capital structure on firm performance.
Secondly, assessing the impact of capital structure on retail enterprises‘s performance in the Vietnam Stock Market Thirdly, suggesting related implications to improve firm performance effectively of retail enterprises listed on the Vietnam Stock Market. RESEARCH QUESTION To achieve the research objective mentioned above, this thesis is conducted to answer the following research questions in turn: Which research model is used to analyze the impact of capital structure on the operational efficiency of businesses? How does the capital structure affect firms' financial performance in retail enterprises in the Vietnam Stock Market?