VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM ON GERMINATION OF BLACK SOYBEAN Supervisor : PhD. PHAM TUAN ANH Department : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Student : VU THI THU TRANG Class : K62 - KHCTT Student code : 621822 Ha Noi - 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my respect and affection towards lecturers professors at Vietnam National University of Agriculture, especially lecturers at the Advanced Program, because of their enthusiasm and support. In the course of 4.5 years studying in the Advanced Program starting from 2017, I have had the golden opportunities to not only obtain a fortune of knowledge from many professionals at this department but also acquire a variety of soft skills and experiences here. Furthermore, without the help of lecturers at the Advanced Program, I could not accomplish my graduation thesis.
Particularly, I also want to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Pham Tuan Anh, who directly instructed me in completing this thesis. He provided me with a wealth of valuable materials, and I was highly appreciated that. I wish him lots of fortune and success in his life so that he can continue to carry on his career in inspiring other young generations.
Once again, I would like to thank all the teachers, lecturers, doctors, professors, staff members of the Advanced program who are willing to help me and give me this great opportunity to improve my knowledge in the field of study as well as complete this graduation thesis. Hanoi, February 9, 2022 Student Vu Thi Thu Trang i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
v LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF CHARTS. ix PART I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .2 Objectives and requirements.
2 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Overview of soybean. Situation of soybean production in the world and Vietnam .1 Situation of soybean production in the world .2 Situation of soybean production in Vietnam.3 Situation of soybean research in the world and Vietnam .1 Situation of soybean research in the world .2 Situation of soybean research in Vietnam.4 The current state of research on the impacts of salinity and salt tolerance on plants .1 Impact of salinity factors on plants .2 The effect of salinity on the physiological activities of plants, and the growth and development phases .5 Salicylic Acid is a kind of acid (SA).1 The function of Salicylic Acid is as follows: .2 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research around the globe .3 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research in Vietnam. 11 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS .2 Experiment site and research time. Managing collected data.
15 PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination. Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination. Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on the black soybean germination.
Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under artificially salty conditions. Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under artificially salty conditions. Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the black soybean germination .7 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under artificially salty conditions .8 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) on weight of black soybean. The correlation between water and moisture content with germination ratio of black soybean into the different treatments.
37 PART V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 46 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms English meaning EM Effective Microorganisms Et al And others No. Number SA Salicylic acid T Treatment W Weight v LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Situation of soybean production in the world from 2010 – 2019.
Some crops have a high salt tolerance .1 Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination .2 Effect of SA to the black soybean germination .3 Effect of EM on the black soybean germination .4 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under artificially salty conditions .5 Effect of EM to the germination under artificially salty conditions 27 Table 4.6 Effect of SA and EM on the black soybean germination .7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions .8 Effect of EM and SA on weight of black soybeans .9 Water and moisture content of black soybean. 37 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4. The experiments of germination. The germination ratio under artificially salty condition.3 Effect of Salicylic Acid on the germination ratio.
Effect of EM on the germination. Effect of SA on the germination under artificially salty conditions .6 Effect of EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty condition. Effect of SA and EM on the germination. Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions.
36 vii LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4. The germination ratio under artificially salty condition of black soybean .2 Effect of SA on the germination ratio. Effect of EM on the germination ratio. Effect of SA 0.5mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions.
Effect of SA 0.75mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions .6 Effect of EM on the germination under artificially salty condition 27 Chart 4. Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio. Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions. 32 viii ABSTRACT Student: Vu Thi Thu Trang Research outputs: The effect of Salicylic Acid and Effective Microorganisms on black soybean germination in artificially saline conditions.
Methodology: Observation, weighing, measuring, and counting techniques Excel 2010 is being used for data analysis Results and conclusion: I investigated the influence of the effect of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions. The germination ratio and weight of black soybean were both dramatically lowered by salinity. After 24 hours, germination ratio of the salt treatment with different concentration was 36. When treated with Salicylic, however, it improves black soybean resistance, germination capability, and ability to absorb water in saline environments.
This ratio climbed to more than 70% when the Salicylic Acid treatment was used. The consortium of EM and SA showed lower germination results when treating seeds with SA separation. However, compared with the treatments using EM, the EM 3 treatment had the high and stable germination results, along with the use of 0.75mM SA concentration and EM 2, 3 also showed an effective combination for Black soybean during germination under artificial saline conditions. Besides, the correlation of germination ratio between water and moisture content is also mentioned in this article.
In general, most treatments show that the higher the humidity, the higher the germination ratio. In summary, we can preferentially use SA 0.15M and EM 2, 3 for further research for black soybean in the germination stage. ix PART I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is a legume (Fabaceae) that originated in China and is now cultivated in the majority of the world's nations. Soybean is a short-term dry crop with a high economic value and a high capacity for soil improvement.
Therefore, soybean cultivation has long been an interest and has developed in many countries around the world, including Vietnam (Duong Hong Dat, 2012) People in Asia, notably in China, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, and India, plant black soybean for food, fodder, and medicinal purposes. The black soybean has gained much interest lately due to its excellent nutritional content and availability as a component in a variety of Asian dishes and folk medicine. Salicylic Acid (SA) is considered a potential plant hormone because of its diverse regulatory roles in plant metabolism. Exogenously processed or highly synthesized SA in plant tissues also aids in resistance to abiotic stresses such as heat, salinity, drought, and cold temperatures (Popova et al.
SA regulates processes such as seed germination, vegetative growth, photosynthesis, respiration, thermogenesis, flower formation, seed production, senescence, and a type of cell death that is not associated with the hypersensitive response. Effective microorganisms (EM) are microbes that generatios growth- regulating chemicals (plant growth-promoting compounds); promote plant development, soil structure maintenance, detoxify toxic substances, and prevent plant diseases. Following the fact mentioned above, we do research on: “Effect of Salicylic Acid and effective microorganism on germination of black soybean.2 Objectives and requirements 1.1 Objectives - Studying the effect of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions.2 Requirements - Evaluating the effect of EM and SA on the growth, development and productivity of black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions. - The goal of this study was to determine the appropriate SA and EM treatment dose for the growth and development of germination of black soybean under artificially salted conditions.3 Signification Scientific significance: the results of the project will provide new scientific references about the effects of EM and SA on the growth, development and productivity of black soybean germination under salinity conditions.
Practical significance: - The results of the study will contribute new data for future research. - Research results that are useful for the care of black soybean plants. This is the scientific basis for the use of Salicylic Acid and effective microorganisms to contribute yield and crop quality.4 Research scope: - The experiment was performed at the department of Plant physiology - the Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture. 2 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of soybean 2.1 Origin Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a kind of legume (Fabaceae) that originated in China and is now produced in almost every country on the globe.
Despite its short growing season, soybean is a valuable upland crop with a high economic value and excellent soil development potential. As a result, soybean production has long been a source of interest and has grown in popularity in a number of nations throughout the globe, among them Vietnam (Duong Hong Dat, 2012). According to certain documents in Vietnam, soybean was brought into our nation during the time of Hung King, and our people planted soybean plants before mung bean and black bean plants (Ngo The Dan et al. Soybeans are mostly farmed in the north of our nation in the hilly and midland provinces of Son La, Cao Bang, Ha Bac, and the Red River Delta.2 Nutritional value Soybean seeds have a great amount of nutritional value.
The average protein content varies from 35.5 percent to 40 percent of the total protein content. Soybean protein is the highest-quality protein source available among plant-based sources. Because of its high nutritious content, soybean has a high energy supply capacity of around 4,700 calories per kilogram (Nguyen Danh Dong, 1982). Soybeans are an excellent source of nourishment for persons suffering from diabetes, rheumatism, neurological breakdown, or malnutrition.
Black soybeans are nutritionally identical to typical yellow soybeans in that they contain no fat and are a rich source of protein. Half a cup of canned black soybeans has 1 gram of carbohydratio plus 7 grams of fiber (8 grams of total carbohydratios), 11 grams of protein, and 120 calories, all of which are from fat. 3 The black type has greater concentrations of many phytonutrients, including antioxidants than the white form. Situation of soybean production in the world and Vietnam 2.1 Situation of soybean production in the world Table 2.
Situation of soybean production in the world from 2010 – 2019. Year Area (m ha) Yield (Ton/ha) Production ratio (m ton) 2010 102,77 2,58 265,09 2011 103,76 2,52 261,60 2012 105,37 2,29 241,34 2013 111,11 2,50 277,67 2014 117,73 2,60 306,30 2015 120,90 2,67 323,31 2016 122,00 2,75 335,90 2017 125,85 2,86 359,53 2018 124,02 2,78 344,64 2019 120,50 2,77 333,67 (Reference: FAOSTART, 2021) From Table 2.1, we can see that soybean output has increased steadily throughout the years, despite the fact that the land area has decreased.