Acknowledgements
Symbols and abbreviation
Table of contents
1. PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Aims of the study
1.2. Scope of the study
1.3. Methods of the study
1.4. Design of the study
2. PART II: DEVELOPMENT
2. CHAPTER I: Theoretical background
2.1. English consonants
2.1.1. Articulators and places of articulation
2.1.2. Definition and the basic consonants in English
2.1.3. Classification of English consonants
2.1.3.1. According to place of articulation
2.1.3.1.1. Sounds made with the lips
2.1.3.1.1.a. Both lips-bilabial: /p/, /b/, /m/
2.1.3.1.1.b. Lower lip and upper teeth – labiodental: /f/, /v/
2.1.3.1.2. Sounds made with the tip of the tongue
2.1.3.1.2.a. Tip of the tongue and the teeth – interdental: /θ/ and /ð/
2.1.3.1.2.b. Tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge – alveolar: /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /r/
2.1.3.1.3. Sound made with the blade of the tongue
2.1.3.1.3.a. Blade of the tongue and the hard palate – alveolar-palate: /Ȝ/, /ʃ/, /ʤ/, /tʃ/
2.1.3.1.4. Sound made with the back of the tongue
2.1.3.1.4.a. Back of the tongue and soft palate- velar: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/
2.1.3.2. According to manner of articulation
2.1.3.2.1. Complete obstruction of the airstream – stops
2.1.3.2.2. Partial obstruction of the airstream – fricatives
2.1.3.2.3. Complex consonant sound- affricative
2.1.3.2.4. Sounds made with the air escaping through the nose – nasals
2.1.3.3. According to voicing
2.1.4. Definition and the basic consonants in Vietnamese
2.1.5. Classification of Vietnamese consonants
2.1.5.1. According to place of articulation
2.1.5.2. According to the manner of articulation
2.1.5.3. According to the voicing
2.2. CHAPTER II: Comparison between English consonants and Vietnamese consonants
2.2.1. The similar between English consonants and Vietnamese consonants
2.2.2. The differences between English consonants and Vietnamese consonants
2.2.3. Comment about the similar and differences of Vietnamese and English consonants
2.2.4. The identical of English and Vietnamese consonants
2.3. CHAPTER III: The common pronunciation problems faced by Vietnamese
2.3.1. English consonants problems faced by Vietnamese
2.3.2. Difficulties in pronouncing English stop-consonants
2.3.2.1. Word-initial voiceless stop consonants
2.3.2.2. Voiced and voiceless stop in word-final position
2.3.2.3. Word-final voiceless stop consonants
2.3.3. Difficulty in pronouncing English fricative consonants
2.3.4. Difficulties in pronouncing English consonant /r/
2.3.5. Difficulties in pronouncing English consonant /θ/ and /ð/ as in „think‟ and „this‟
2.3.6. Difficulties in pronouncing English consonant /p/
2.3.7. Difficulties in pronouncing word-final /tʃ/
2.4. CHAPTER IV: Finding and solution
2.4.1. Some suggested techniques and activities
2.4.1.1. Minimal pair practice
2.4.1.2. Taping student‟s English
2.4.2. Techniques to improve specific problems
2.4.2.1. Techniques for English consonants
2.4.2.1.1. Techniques to pronounce English stop consonants
2.4.2.1.1.1. Word initial voiceless stop consonants
2.4.2.1.1.2. Voiced and voiceless stops in word-final position
2.4.2.1.1.3. Word-final position voiceless stop consonants
2.4.2.1.2. Techniques to pronounce English fricative
2.4.2.1.2.1. Voicing of fricative
2.4.2.1.2.2. Word-final fricative
2.4.2.1.3. Techniques to pronounce English consonant /r/
2.4.2.1.4. Techniques to pronounce /θ/ and /ð/
2.4.2.1.5. Difficulties in pronouncing word-final /tʃ/
2.4.3. Some suggested exercises to improve pronunciation
3. PART III: CONCLUSION
3.1. Suggestion for further study
List of figures