qxd 4/2/04 3:13 PM Page iii A DVANCED P LACEMENT* E DITION The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History THIRD E DITION Richard W. Bulliet Columbia University Pamela Kyle Crossley Dartmouth College Daniel R. Headrick Roosevelt University Steven W. Hirsch Tufts University Lyman L.
Johnson University of North Carolina–Charlotte David Northrup Boston College Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York 14820_00_i-xxxii.qxd 4/2/04 3:13 PM Page xxviii 1 2 About the Authors 3 4 5 6 Richard W. Bulliet Professor of Middle Eastern Steven W. Hirsch holds a Ph. in 7 History at Columbia University, Richard W.
Bulliet re- Classics from Stanford University and is currently Asso- 8 ceived his Ph. from Harvard University. He has written ciate Professor Classics and History at Tufts University. 9 scholarly works on a number of topics: the social history He has received grants from the National Endowment 10 of medieval Iran (The Patricians of Nishapur), the his- for the Humanities and the Massachusetts Foundation 11 torical competition between pack camels and wheeled for Humanities and Public Policy.
His research and pub- 12 transport (The Camel and the Wheel), the process of con- lications include The Friendship of the Barbarians: 13 version to Islam (Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Xenophon and the Persian Empire, as well as articles and 14 Period), and the overall course of Islamic social history reviews in the Classical Journal, the American Journal of 15 (Islam: The View from the Edge). He is the editor of the Philology, and the Journal of Interdisciplinary History. He 16 Columbia History of the Twentieth Century. He has pub- is currently working on a comparative study of ancient 17 lished four novels, co-edited The Encyclopedia of the Mediterranean and Chinese civilizations.
18 Modern Middle East, and hosted an educational tele- 19 vision series on the Middle East. He was awarded a fel- Lyman L. Johnson Professor of History at the Uni- 20 lowship by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial versity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Lyman L. earned his Ph.
in Latin American History from the 22 University of Connecticut. A two-time Senior Fulbright- 23 Pamela Kyle Crossley Pamela Kyle Crossley re- Hays Lecturer, he also has received fellowships from the 24 ceived her Ph. in Modern Chinese History from Yale Tinker Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, 25 University. She is Professor of History and Rosenwald Re- the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the 26 search Professor in the Arts and Sciences at Dartmouth American Philosophical Society.
His recent books in- 27 College. Her books include A Translucent Mirror: History clude Death, Dismemberment, and Memory; The Faces 28 and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology; The Manchus; of Honor (with Sonya Lipsett-Rivera); The Problem of 29 Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the Order in Changing Societies; Essays on the Price History 30 End of the Qing World; and (with Lynn Hollen Lees and of Eighteenth-Century Latin America (with Enrique 31 John W. Servos) Global Society: The World Since 1900. Her Tandeter); and Colonial Latin America (with Mark A.
32 research, which concentrates on the cultural history of Burkholder). He also has published in journals, includ- 33 China, Inner Asia, and Central Asia, has been supported ing the Hispanic American Historical Review, the Journal 34 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation of Latin American Studies, the International Review of 35 and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Social History, Social History, and Desarrollo Económico. 36 He recently served as president of the Conference on 37 Daniel R.
Headrick received Latin American History. in History from Princeton University. Professor 39 of History and Social Science at Roosevelt University in David Northrup Professor of History at Boston Col- 40 Chicago, he is the author of several books on the history lege, David Northrup earned his Ph. in African and Eu- 41 of technology, imperialism, and international relations, ropean History from the University of California at Los 42 including The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Angeles.
He earlier taught in Nigeria with the Peace Corps 43 Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century; The Tentacles of and at Tuskegee Institute. Research supported by the 44 Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism; Fulbright-Hays Commission, the National Endowment 45 The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and Inter- for the Humanities, and the Social Science Research 46 national Politics; and When Information Came of Age: Council led to publications concerning pre-colonial 47 Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Rev- Nigeria, the Congo (1870–1940), the Atlantic slave trade, 48 olution, 1700–1850. His articles have appeared in the and Asian, African, and Pacific Islander indentured labor 49 Journal of World History and the Journal of Modern His- in the nineteenth century. A contributor to the Oxford 50 tory, and he has been awarded fellowships by the Na- History of the British Empire and Blacks in the British 51 tional Endowment for the Humanities, the John Simon Empire, his latest book is Africa’s Discovery of Europe, R 52 Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the Alfred P.
For 2004 and 2005 he serves as president of L 53 Sloan Foundation. the World History Association. xxviii 1ST PASS PAGES 14820_00_i-xxxii.qxd 4/2/04 3:13 PM Page iv 1 Document-Based Questions: Bard Keeler 2 Publisher: Charles Hartford 3 Editor-in-Chief: Jean L. Woy Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine 4 Senior Development Editor: Jennifer Sutherland 5 Editorial Associate: Annette Fantasia 6 Senior Project Editor: Carol Newman 7 Editorial Assistant: Trinity Peacock-Broyles 8 Senior Design Coordinator: Jill Haber 9 Senior Designer: Henry Rachlin 10 Manufacturing Manager: Florence Cadran Senior Marketing Manager: Sandra McGuire 11 12 Cover illustration: New Year’s Festival (woodcut) by Utagawa Kunisada (1786–1864) Victo- 13 ria and Albert Museum, London, UK / Bridgeman Art Library International, Ltd.
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Cour- 23 tesy, Karen Pinto, History Department, Columbia University; Ch. 218: Musée de Bayeaux/ Michael Holford; Ch. 248: Fujita Art Museum; Ch. 267: Justin Kerr; Ch.
294: Imperial 24 Household Agency/International Society for Educational Information, Japan; Ch. 324: Imperial 25 Household Collection, Kyoto; Ch. 349: Copyright Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium; Ch. Dagli Orti/The Art Archive; Ch.
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484: 29 V&A Picture Library; Ch. 540: Jean-Loup Charmet/ The Bridgeman Art 30 Library; Ch. 568: Science & Society Picture Library; Ch. 592: Estación de Orizaba, 1877.
From Casimiro Castro, Album del Ferro-Carril Mexicano: Coleccion de Vista Pintadas (Victor Debray 31 and Company, 1877); Ch. 623: Eyre and Hobbs House Art Gallery; Ch. 650: Mary Evans Pic- 32 ture Library; Ch. 680: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959 (JP 3346).
33 Photograph by Otto E. Photograph © 1986 The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Ch. 707: 34 Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz; Ch. 735: Imperial War Museum/The Art Archive; Ch.
35 765: akg-images; Ch. 793: Genevieve Naylor, photographer/Reznikoff Artistic Partnership, NY; 36 Ch. 820: Bettmann/Corbis; Ch. 847: Paul Chesley/Getty Images; Ch.
878: AFP Photo/ Doug Kanter/Getty Images. 37 38 *“Advanced Placement” and “AP” are registered trademarks of the College Board, which is 39 not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. 40 41 Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
42 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or 43 mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval sys- 44 tem without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is ex- 45 pressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton 46 Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764. 48 49 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003113993 50 51 ISBN: 0-618-42770-8 R 52 L 53 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—DW—2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 ROUGH PAGES 14820_PO1_001-003_r2ws.qxd 4/2/04 8:15 PM Page 1 PART ONE The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 B. CHAPTER 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to the First A round 10,000 years ago, some human groups in various parts of the world began to cultivate plants, domesticate animals, and make pottery vessels for storage.
One consequence of this shift from hunting and gather- River-Valley Civilizations, ing to agriculture was the emergence of permanent settlements—at first 8000–1500 B. small villages but eventually larger towns as well. CHAPTER 2 New Civilizations in the The earliest complex societies arose in the great river valleys of Asia and Eastern and Western Africa, around 3100 B. in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Hemispheres, 2200–250 B.
Rivers in Mesopotamia and along the Nile River in Egypt, somewhat later in CHAPTER 3 the valley of the Indus River in Pakistan, and on the floodplain of the Yellow The Mediterranean and River in China. In these arid regions, agriculture depended on irrigation with Middle East, 2000–500 B. river water, and centers of political power arose to organize the massive hu- man labor required to dig and maintain channels to carry water to the fields. Kings and priests dominated these early societies.
Kings controlled the military forces; priests managed the temples and the wealth of the gods. Within the urban centers—in the midst of palaces, temples, fortification walls, and other monumental buildings—lived administrators, soldiers, priests, merchants, craftsmen, and others with specialized skills. The production of surplus food grown on rural estates by a dependent peasantry sustained the ac- tivities of these groups. Professional scribes kept administrative and financial records and preserved their civilization’s religious and scientific knowledge.qxd 4/2/04 8:15 PM Page 2 2 1 Over time, certain centers extended their in- 2 fluence and came to dominate broad expanses 3 of territory.
The rulers of these early empires 4 5 were motivated primarily by the need to secure 6 access to raw materials, especially tin and copper, 7 from which to make bronze. A similar motive accounts 8 for the development of long-distance trade and diplomatic 9 relations between major powers. Fueling long-distance trade 10 11 was the desire for bronze, which had both practical and sym- 12 bolic importance. From bronze, artisans made weapons, tools 13 and utensils, and ritual objects.
Ownership of bronze items was 14 a sign of wealth and power. Trade and diplomacy helped spread 15 16 culture and technology from the core river-valley areas to neigh- 17 boring regions, such as southern China, Nubia, Syria-Palestine, 18 Anatolia, and the Aegean. 19 In the Western Hemisphere, different geographical circum- 20 stances called forth distinctive patterns of technological and cultural 21 22 response in the early civilizations of the Olmec in southern Mexico and 23 Chavín in the Andean region of South America. Nevertheless, the challenges 24 of organizing agriculture and trade led to many of the same features of com- 25 plex societies—social stratification, specialization of labor, urbanization, 26 27 monumental building, technological development, and artistic achievement.
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 R 52 L 53 ROUGH PAGES 14820_01_04-35_r2ek.qxd 4/2/04 3:15 PM Page 4 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations 8000–1500 B. CHAPTER OUTLINE Before Civilization Mesopotamia Egypt The Indus Valley Civilization DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year’s Festival ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Environmental Stress in the Indus Valley 4 14820_01_04-35_r2ek.