Conversion Factors from BG to SI Units To convert from To Multiply by Acceleration ft/s2 m/s2 0.0469 E 3 Density slug/ft3 kg/m3 5.1538 E 2 lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.6019 E 1 Energy ft-lbf J 1.8520 E 3 Mass slug kg 1.5359 E 1 Mass flow slug/s kg/s 1.5359 E 1 Power ftlbf/s W 1.4570 E 2 Conversion Factors from BG to SI Units (Continued) To convert from To Multiply by Pressure lbf/ft2 Pa 4.7880 E 1 lbf/in2 Pa 6.0133 E 5 mm Hg Pa 1.3332 E 2 Specific weight lbf/ft3 N/m3 1.5709 E 2 Specific heat ft2/(s2R) m2/(s2K) 1.6723 E 1 Surface tension lbf/ft N/m 1.1444 E 1 Viscosity lbfs/ft2 Ns/m2 4.9574 E 5 Volume flow ft3/s m3/s 2.3090 E 5 EQUATION SHEET Ideal-gas law: p RT, Rair 287 J/kg-K Surface tension: p Y(R1 1 1 R2 ) Hydrostatics, constant density: Hydrostatic panel force: F hCGA, p2 p1 (z2 z1), g yCP Ixxsin /(hCG A), xCP Ixy sin /(hCG A) Buoyant force: CV mass: d/dt( CV d ) g(AV)out FB fluid(displaced volume) g (AV)in 0 CV momentum: d/dt1 CV Vd 2 CV angular momentum: d/dt( CV (r0 V)d ) g 3 (AV )V 4 out g 3 (AV )V 4 in g F g AV(r0V)out g AV(r0V)in g M 0 Steady flow energy: (p/V /2gz)in 2 Acceleration: dV/dt V/t (p/V2/2gz)out hfriction hpump hturbine u(V/x) v(V/y) w(V/z) Incompressible continuity: V 0 Navier-Stokes: (dV/dt)gp 2V Incompressible stream function (x,y): Velocity potential (x, y, z): u /y; v /x u /x; v /y; w /z Bernoulli unsteady irrotational flow: Turbulent friction factor: 1/ 1f /t dp/ V 2/2 gz Const 2.51/1Red 1f)4 Pipe head loss: hf f(L /d)V 2/(2g) Orifice, nozzle, venturi flow: where f Moody chart friction factor QCdAthroat 3 2 p/5(1 4)6 4 1/2, d/D Laminar flat plate flow: /x 5.0/Re1/2 x , Turbulent flat plate flow: /x 0.031/Re L 1/7 CD Drag/1 12V 2A2; CL Lift/1 12V2A2 2-D potential flow: 2 2 0 Isentropic flow: T0 /T 1 5(k1)/26Ma2, One-dimensional isentropic area change: 0/ (T0/T)1/(k1), p0 /p (T0/T)k(k1) A/A*(1/Ma)[1{(k1)/2}Ma2](1/2)(k1)/(k1) Prandtl-Meyer expansion: K (k1)/(k1), Uniform flow, Manning’s n, SI units: K1/2tan1[(Ma21)/K]1/2tan1(Ma21)1/2 V0(m/s) (1.0/n) 3 Rh(m) 4 2/3S1/2 0 Gradually varied channel flow: Euler turbine formula: dy/dx (S0 S)/(1 Fr2), Fr V/Vcrit Power Q(u2Vt2 u1Vt1), u r This page intentionally left blank whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page i ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: Fluid Mechanics whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page ii ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering Hamrock/Schmid/Jacobson Fundamentals of Machine Elements Alciatore/Histand Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Heywood Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Anderson Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications Holman Experimental Methods for Engineers Anderson Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Holman Heat Transfer Anderson Introduction to Flight Kays/Crawford/Weigand Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Anderson Modern Compressible Flow Meirovitch Fundamentals of Vibrations Beer/Johnston Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics Norton Design of Machinery Beer/Johnston Mechanics of Materials Palm System Dynamics Budynas Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis Reddy An Introduction to Finite Element Method Budynas/Nisbett Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Schey Introduction to Manufacturing Processes Çengel Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach Smith/Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Çengel Introduction to Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer Turns An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Çengel/Boles Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Ugural Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach Çengel/Cimbala Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications Ullman The Mechanical Design Process Çengel/Turner Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences White Fluid Mechanics Dieter Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach White Viscous Fluid Flow Dieter Mechanical Metallurgy Dorf/Byers Technology Ventures: From Idea to Enterprise Finnemore/Franzini Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page iii ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: Fluid Mechanics Seventh Edition Frank M. White University of Rhode Island whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/30/09 1:16PM Page iv ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: FLUID MECHANICS, SEVENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 978-0-07-352934-9 MHID 0-07-352934-6 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-David Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan Senior Sponsoring Editor: Bill Stenquist Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Developmental Editor: Lora Neyens Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds Senior Project Manager: Lisa A. Bruflodt Production Supervisor: Nicole Baumgartner Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri (USE) Cover Image: Copyright SkySails Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C.
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Fluid mechanics / Frank M. — (Mcgraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering) Includes bibliographical references and index.com whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page v ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: About the Author Frank M. White is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering at the University of Rhode Island. He studied at Georgia Tech and M.
In 1966 he helped found, at URI, the first department of ocean engineering in the country. Known primarily as a teacher and writer, he has received eight teaching awards and has written four textbooks on fluid mechanics and heat transfer. From 1979 to 1990 he was editor-in-chief of the ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering and then served from 1991 to 1997 as chairman of the ASME Board of Editors and of the Publications Committee. He is a Fellow of ASME and in 1991 received the ASME Fluids Engineering Award.
He lives with his wife, Jeanne, in Narragansett, Rhode Island. v whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page vi ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: To Jeanne whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page vii ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: Contents Preface xi 2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 78 2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 86 Chapter 1 2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 89 Introduction 3 2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 91 2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 97 1.2 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 4 Summary 109 1.3 Problem-Solving Techniques 6 Problems 109 1.4 The Concept of a Fluid 6 Word Problems 132 1.5 The Fluid as a Continuum 8 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam 1.6 Dimensions and Units 9 Problems 133 1.7 Properties of the Velocity Field 17 Comprehensive Problems 134 1.8 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 18 Design Projects 135 1.9 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 25 References 136 1.10 Basic Flow Analysis Techniques 40 1.11 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 41 Chapter 3 1.12 The Engineering Equation Solver 46 Integral Relations for a Control Volume 139 1.13 Uncertainty in Experimental Data 46 3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 139 1.14 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) 3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 143 Examination 48 3.3 Conservation of Mass 150 Problems 49 3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 155 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 57 3.5 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 169 Comprehensive Problems 58 3.6 The Angular Momentum Theorem 178 References 61 3.7 The Energy Equation 184 Summary 195 Chapter 2 Problems 195 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 65 Word Problems 224 2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 65 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 224 2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 67 Comprehensive Problems 226 2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 68 Design Project 227 2.4 Application to Manometry 75 References 227 vii whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page viii ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: viii Contents Chapter 4 6.6 Turbulent Pipe Flow 365 Differential Relations for Fluid Flow 229 6.7 Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 373 6.8 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 379 4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 230 6.9 Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems 388 4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 232 6.10 Multiple-Pipe Systems 397 4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 238 6.11 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 403 4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 244 6.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 246 Summary 429 4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 249 Problems 430 4.7 The Stream Function 253 Word Problems 448 4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 261 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 449 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 263 Comprehensive Problems 450 4.10 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 268 Design Projects 452 Summary 276 References 453 Problems 277 Word Problems 288 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 288 Chapter 7 Comprehensive Problems 289 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 457 References 290 7.1 Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects 457 7.2 Momentum Integral Estimates 461 Chapter 5 7.3 The Boundary Layer Equations 464 7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 467 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 293 7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 476 5.6 Experimental External Flows 482 5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 296 Summary 509 5.3 The Pi Theorem 302 Problems 510 5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 312 Word Problems 523 5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 321 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 524 Summary 333 Comprehensive Problems 524 Problems 333 Design Project 525 Word Problems 342 References 526 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 342 Comprehensive Problems 343 Chapter 8 Design Projects 344 References 344 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics 529 8.1 Introduction and Review 529 8.2 Elementary Plane Flow Solutions 532 Chapter 6 8.3 Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions 539 Viscous Flow in Ducts 347 8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 545 6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes 347 8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 555 6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flow 352 8.3 Head Loss—The Friction Factor 355 8.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow 357 8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 574 6.9 Numerical Analysis 579 whi29346_fm_i-xvi.qxd 12/14/09 7:09PM Page ix ntt 208:MHDQ176:whi29346:0073529346:whi29346_pagefiles: Contents ix Summary 593 10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 734 Problems 594 Summary 741 Word Problems 604 Problems 741 Comprehensive Problems 605 Word Problems 754 Design Projects 606 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 754 References 606 Comprehensive Problems 754 Design Projects 756 References 756 Chapter 9 Compressible Flow 609 Chapter 11 9.1 Introduction: Review of Thermodynamics 609 Turbomachinery 759 9.2 The Speed of Sound 614 9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 616 11.1 Introduction and Classification 759 9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 622 11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 762 9.5 The Normal Shock Wave 629 11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 768 9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 637 11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed 778 9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 642 11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 785 9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 654 11.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 659 Summary 807 9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 669 Problems 807 Summary 681 Word Problems 820 Problems 682 Comprehensive Problems 820 Word Problems 695 Design Project 822 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 696 References 822 Comprehensive Problems 696 Design Projects 698 Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 824 References 698 Appendix B Compressible Flow Tables 829 Chapter 10 Appendix C Conversion Factors 836 Open-Channel Flow 701 Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 838 10.2 Uniform Flow: The Chézy Formula 707 Answers to Selected Problems 840 10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 712 10.4 Specific Energy: Critical Depth 714 Index 847 10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 722 10.