THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHAM THI THAI HA PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (II) NITRATE (PB(NO3)2 FROM WATER WITH A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, NAJAS INDICA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2011-2015 Thai Nguyen, 30/09/2015 n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name : Phạm Thị Thái Hà Student ID : DTN 1153110017 Thesis Title : PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD (II) NITRATE (PB(NO3)2 FROM WATER WITH A SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT, NAJAS INDICA Supervisor (s): Dr. Ho Ngoc Son Abstract: Nowadays, the environmental pollution problems, especially the decline in water quality polluted by heavy metals are the serious worldwide problem. Phytoremediation is a green and cost-effective technology to extract or eliminate inactive metals and metal contaminants from polluted water as well as clean up the polluted environment from hazardous contaminant to improve the environmental quality. In this study, phytoremediation will be implemented by using a submerged plant- Najas indica to absorb and accumulate lead (Pb) in water.
Samples were taken from March to June, 2015 and the experiment has been taken place in laboratory of Integrated Postgraduate, Sriwijaya University, Palembang and Laboratory of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the contaminant ii n (Pb(NO3)2) absorption of Najas indica plant in polluted water and it has remediation effects on lead (Pb) removal from water. The results in this study showed that Najas indica bioaccumulated significantly has higher amounts of Pb, the Pb concentration in sample plants after experiment finished is 26693.5 ppm, even though in begin, the highest Pb concentration in water was set up at 15 ppm and in plant samples around 10 ppm to 40 ppm. It is concluded that Najas indicia is a hyper-accumulator, it has higher accumulation capabilities of heavy metals.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, submerged plant, Najas indica. Pb concentration, Bioaccumulation. Number of Pages: 43 pages Date of Submission: 30/09/2015 Signature of supervisor Dr. Ho Ngoc Son iii n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I am greatly indebted and would like to express my special thanks to my great and beloved supervisor: Dr.
Arinafril of Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Indonesia for his guidance, supporting for my research, for his patience, enthusiasm, valuable ideas helped me to complete my thesis as well as for his stimulating motivations in all the time of doing the research in Indonesia. I am grateful for the support, advice, and guidance of Dr. Ho Ngoc Son in writing the study. I want to express my thankful to my research advisor Ibu Mutmainnah Fadila for instruction and helping me to doing the research.
I am also thankful for the laboratory of Integrated Postgraduate, Sriwijaya University, Palembang and the Laboratory of the Science Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia to helping and providing me necessary equipment to analyzing the samples and data. My sincere thanks also to my friends: Mbak Eka Rizki Meiwinda, Thao, Chi, Marisa Hayu, Linh for provided their ongoing support, questions and suggestions to doing research, identify documentations to writing the study. Thanks to all my friends to helped me in 3 internship months Finally, from bottom of my heart, I would like to express my love and gratitude to my beloved parents for their support, encouragement and endless love for me throughout my life. Thai Nguyen, July, 2015 Student Pham Thi Thai Ha iv n TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .1 LIST OF TABLES .2 LIST OF TABLES .2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .6 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Overview of phytoremediation. Overview of heavy metals. Lead (II) Nitrate in environment. Overview of Najas Indica .17 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Place and date .20 PART IV: RESULTS .2 Pb concentration in plant .3 Results of Data analysis.1 Time series analysis .38 vi n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Distribution map of Najas Indica (Encyclopedia of Life, 2012). Najas Indica plant. Najas Indica plant samples taken in Jakarbaring Lake, Palembang,Indonesia.
Vacuum filtered machine and set of tools. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) machine. 24 Figure 6: Mean Pb concentration in water. 27 Figure 7: Mean of Pb concentration in plant.
29 Figure 8: Pb concentration in B2 treatment (mean) for water. 30 Figure 9: Pb concentration in B3 treatment (mean) for water. 31 Figure 10: Pb concentration in B4 treatment (mean) for water. 31 Figure 11: Pb concentration in treatment B1for plant (mean).
32 Figure 12: Pb concentration in B2 treatment for plant (mean). 33 1 n LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Experimental design .20 Table 2: Pb concentration in all treatment for water .26 Table 3: Pb concentration in Najas indica plant .28 2 n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer NA None available data ROS Reactive Oxygen Species SNI Indonesia National Standard 3 n PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Background Water is an integral part of human being, as well as all the species on the Earth. It is essentially important in the daily lives of all individual.
In some organisms, up to 90% of their body weight comes from water and up to 60% of the human adult body is water (USGS, 2005). The 80% water component of the earth is distributed throughout the globe wherein 97.2% of it comes from the ocean, commonly known as salt water; 2.15% is frozen into glaciers; and 0.67% in the form of fresh water reservoir such as groundwater, lakes and streams including the water vapor found in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, only the smallest portion is available for the daily needs of human (EdGEO Workshop report, 2010). Nowadays, many communities suffer from water shortage or very limited supply of clean and available water to sustain them.
When living standard is increasing, it will result in environmental pollution especially water pollution. It does not only impact on people activities but also their health, because of some water- related diseases. According to World Bank study in 1995, about 80% of the diseases were caused by contaminated water in developing countries and about 10 million people were killed annually - an average of 27,000 premature deaths per day, more than half of them children under age 5 (Miller, 1997). The causes of water pollution are wide and problematic especially if the water is polluted by toxic chemicals and heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and As.
These pollutants not only come from industrial activities but also in daily household exercises. They are non-biodegradable and cannot decompose naturally which affects 4 n the biological systems severely such as the accumulation by living organisms thus causing various diseases and disorders even in relatively low concentrations (Pehlivan et al, 2009). Sharma and Dubey (2005) stated that lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous pollutants and its deposition in soil and water is related to effluents, fuels, industries and agronomical pesticides and fertilizers. In fact, lead (Pb) contamination has adverse effect on living organisms and it is a worldwide problem in current.
Many different methods have been tried by various researches in the clean-up and treatment of the areas polluted from heavy metals. However, these processes are expensive without optimal efficiency and technically difficult to facilitate (Raymond and Felix, 2011). Moreover, other methods have been recently explored as an appropriate tool in the assessment of toxicity level of metals in the water such as phytoremediation. This process is used to extract and eliminate inactive metals and contaminants from polluted water areas and it has been proven as an effective and affordable technology solution for the current problems (Bieby et al, 2011).
Research Objective - The objective of this research is to study how to use phytoremediation method to extract or eliminate inactive heavy metal (Pb) and metal contaminant (Pb(NO3)2 from polluted water. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the contaminant (Pb(NO3)2) absorption of Najas indica plant in polluted water in order to improve water quality as well as contributing to sustainable water sources. Research questions - What is phytoremediation? How does it work? 5 n - How do the Pb and Pb(NO3)2 effect water quality and human life? - How Pb and Pb(NO3)2 can absorbed by Najas indica? 1. Limitations - Limited plants can be used and take a long time (time-consuming process).
- The success of phytoremediation may be limited by some factors such as: Growing time, growth rate, climate, root depth, level of contaminant. - High concentration of pollutants may inhibit plant growth, thus, it may limit application on some sites or some part of sites. The maximal level of toxic metal contents can be accumulated by plants. - Metal-accumulating plants need to be harvested and either recycled or disposed with applicable regulations.
- Contaminants may enter the food chain through animals/insects that eat plant material containing contaminant. 6 n PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Overview of phytoremediation 2. Definition The term phytoremediation consists of the Greek prefix phyto (plant), attached to the Latin root remedium (phyto mean plant and remediation mean correct evil) is relatively new, coined in 1991 (USEPA, 2000).
By studying about the selective uptake capabilities of aquatic plant root systems, as well as translocation, bioaccumulation, and contaminant degradation abilities of whole plant body plant body, a specific view on advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation will be revealed. Generally, phytoremediation is defined as a process of decontaminating soil or water by using selected plants and trees to absorb or break down pollutants as well as clean up the polluted environment from hazardous contaminant to improve the environmental quality (“Phytoremediation”, 2015). There are some different definitions of phytoremediation by scientists: - Phytoremediation is the name given to a set of technologies that use different plants as a containment, destruction, or an extraction technique. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses various plants to degrade, extract, contain, or immobilize contaminants from soil and water (USEPA, 2000).
- The use of vascular plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless (Bhattacharya, et al, 2006). - The engineered use of green plant to remove, contain, or render harmless such environmental contaminants as heavy metals, trace elements, organic compounds, and radioactive compounds in soil or water (Hinchman, et al,1995). 7 n The phytoremediation of metals is a cost-effective and ‘green’ technology based on the use of metal-accumulating plants to remove toxic metals, including radionuclides, from soil and water (Raskin, 1997). Mechanisms Contaminant attenuation mechanisms in phytoremediation are complicated and unlimited.
Each specific application of phytoremediation has been described by each specific contaminant attenuation mechanism. These involve phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, phytostabilization, photodegradation, and rhizofiltration (Burken et al, 2000; Meagher ,2000). Phytoextraction is process which is selected plant with the capability of absorbing harmful pollutants absorbs the toxic metals and stores the substances from the environment. In some cases, when heavy metals and certain organic compounds and radionuclides are resistant to plant metabolism, the uptake and translocation is carried by the plant tissues in recoverable form (U.
This process primarily used in the treatment of soil, sediments, and sludges. Sometime, phytoextraction can be used for treatment of contaminated water in low level (Emanuel, 2014). 8 n Furthermore, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used in the phytoextraction process of toxic heavy metals namely: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and was proven effective, especially when applied to plants several days before harvesting. EDTA works with soluble metals in the contaminated soil or water medium by decoding them into a more complex substance thus, when the free-metal activity decreases, the dissolution of bound metal ions becomes equivalent for the shift in equilibrium.
Moreover, plants accumulate large amounts of EDTA and heavy metals to take up and translocate Pb as an EDTA complex. This process goes on until the all the EDTA-extractable metal is degraded (Raskin et al, 1997; Blaylock et al, 1997). Phytovolatilization The process when plants consume contaminants at the growth stage, then releasing it into the atmosphere through transpiration is called phytovolatilization.