VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAN DUY QUANG A SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SA PA TOWN OF LAO CAI PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAN DUY QUANG A SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SA PA TOWN OF LAO CAI PROVINCE MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY CODE: 8340402.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Prof. OKAMOTO NAOHISA Dr. HA MINH TUAN Hanoi, 2022 COMMITMENT I hereby declare that the master thesis entitled “A Systems Approach for Sustainable Tourism Development in Sa Pa town of Lao Cai province” is my study and does not replicate any other research. The data and results presented in this study are completely authentic.
I will take full responsibility for any problem that might arise, regarding this thesis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This master's thesis could not have been completed without the support and advice of many organizations and individuals. First, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Dr. Okamoto Naohisa of Tsukuba University and Dr.
Ha Minh Tuan of Thai Nguyen University for their dedicated guidance and insightful comments during the research process. At the same time, I would like to thank Dr. Nam Nguyen from the University of Adelaide for the initial orientation when this project was only at the concept stage. Besides, I appreciate the support of the lecturers in the Master's program in Public Policy of Vietnam Japan University for this study, although its approach is not yet familiar to many people.
It is impossible not to mention the trust and support of Sa Pa town's Department of Culture and Information as well as other organizations and individuals in the town for this research. I hope that the results of this study will contribute to the sustainable development of the tourism industry in Sa Pa, a place for which I have a deep affection. Through this acknowledgment, I would also like to show my respect to Professor Phan Dinh Dieu (1936 - 2018) and Professor Vu Cao Dam, two of the Vietnamese pioneers who applied the systems approach in their research more than 40 years ago. You are the inspiration for me to persistently pursue this research method.
As we say “save the best for last”, I would like to express my gratitude to my family: my parents, my wife, and my sister for their understanding, patience, and support during my master’s studies and the implementation of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Scope, methodology, and structure of the thesis .8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Sustainable tourism concept.
Tourism development in Sa Pa. Tourism planning approaches. Conceptual and theoretical framework of the research. Refined UNWTO’s sustainable tourism framework.
Causal loop diagram analysis. Sampling and data collection. Systems modeling and analysis .30 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS. Demographics of informants.
In-depth interview. Focus group discussion. Situation of the Sa Pa tourism sector. Sustainability scoring result.
Pillar 1: Tourism policy and governance. Pillar 2: Economic performance, investment, and competitiveness. Pillar 3: Employment, decent work, and human capital. Pillar 4: Poverty reduction and social inclusion.
Pillar 5: Sustainability of the natural and cultural environment. Systemic analysis of Sa Pa’s tourism situation. System archetypes in the causal loop diagram of Sa Pa’s tourism. Identifying key intervention areas .54 CHAPTER 5: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS.
Improving tourism administration capacity. Mitigating adverse impacts of tourism through policy adequacy. Improving human resources capability. Balancing the power between local communities and investors.
Contributions of the research. Implications for stakeholders .78 Annex 1: Master questionnaire .79 Annex 2: Sustainability scoring sheet .94 Annex 3: Problems matrix .98 LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Key stakeholders in the tourism system of Sa Pa and related data. List of informants in the in-depth interviews.
List of informants in the focus group discussion. Categorizing participants in consultation sessions. Sustainability scores of the 5 pillars and sub-categories. The role of DMOs at different geographical levels.56 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.
Vietnam’s tourist arrival in the 2015 – 2022 period. UNWTO’s framework for sustainable tourism. Development framework of the National Strategy for Tourism Development of Thailand (2017 – 2021). Evolutionary Learning Laboratory framework.
Conceptual framework of the research. Refined UNWTO’s framework for sustainable tourism. Causal loop diagram of child safety situation in Japan. A feedback loop representing relationships among economic factors of a tourism destination.
A feedback loop representing relationships among environmental factors of a tourism destination. Limit to Success archetype in a tourism destination. Balancing Loops with Delays archetype in a tourism destination. The implementation process of the study.
Number of respondents’ visits to Sa Pa. Sustainability scoring result. Distribution of sustainability scores of Pillar 1. Limitations of Sa Pa tourism as evaluated by survey respondents.
Distribution of sustainability scores of Pillar 2. Distribution of sustainability scores of Pillar 3. Distribution of sustainability scores of Pillar 4. Opinions of online survey respondents on impacts of tourism.
Distribution of sustainability scores of Pillar 5. Causal loop diagram of Sa Pa’s tourism situation. Drivers of growth in Sa Pa tourism sector. Limit caused by overcrowding to the drivers of growth.
Limit to the growth driven by infrastructure development. Limit to the growth driven by investment from external sources. Constraints upon adequate policy formulation and management. Role of international assistance in the Policy and Governance segment.
Constraints upon job opportunities for local people. Impacts of external investors on local communities. Training provision situation. Leverage points in the Sa Pa tourism system.
The role of a DMO in managing a destination. Suggested structure for Sa Pa MBNTA. Composition of the Management Committee of Sa Pa MBNTA. Organization of Sa Pa Tourism Action Group.
Reasons for choosing Sa Pa as a travel destination. Visitors’ willingness to return to Sa Pa.70 LIST OF BOXES Box 1. DMOs in Japan. Zalo Official Account.
Wise Academy in Indonesia. Mae Kampong village in Chiang Mai, Thailand .67 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BEI : Businesses of external investors CBT : Community-based tourism CLD : Causal loop diagram DCI : Department of Culture and Information DMO : Destination management organization ELLAB : Evolutionary Learning Laboratories EM : Ethnic minority MBNTA : Management Board of National Tourist Area MOOC : Massive Open Online Course NTA : National Tourist Area PC : People Committee TAG : Tourism Action Group UNWTO : World Tourism Organization iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Background Tourism has been one of the most significant economic sectors in the world. It accounts for 9% of the global GDP and provides more than 200 million employment opportunities worldwide (UNWTO, 2013).
In developing countries, the tourism industry plays an even more important role when it enables demand for local products and industries, therefore, providing indirect economic returns that lead to poverty alleviation (Mason, 2003). Despite those benefits, tourism activities are also the cause of numerous economic, social, and environmental problems. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2013), the tourism industry significantly contributes to climate change; it also creates local pollution, biodiversity degradation, and energy waste. Regarding social issues, an over-growing tourism landscape could be a favorable condition for crime, work, and sexual exploitation as well as unequal distribution of income among different groups in the society.
Within such context, a scheme for sustainable tourism development has been an urgent call from tourism administrators worldwide.2 70 62 60 57 56 Millions people 60 50 40 40 International 30 15. Vietnam’s tourist arrival in the 2015 – 2022 period Source: Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (2022) In Vietnam, the 2015 – 2019 period witnessed remarkable growth in the tourism industry with an average tourist arrival growth rate of 12.1 demonstrates this growth, in which the number of visitors peaked in 2019 with 18 million international arrivals and 85 million domestic arrivals. At the same time, the tourism industry contributes 9.2% of the country's GDP (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2020). In 2020 and 2021, The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp drop, however, growth momentum is recovering in 2022 and is expected to continue to increase strongly in the coming years.
Sa Pa town of Lao Cai province plays an important role in the tourism landscape of Vietnam. It is one of seven National Tourist Areas1 (NTA) of the country and is famous owing to its ethnic diversity and magnificent landscape. However, the development of tourism has brought both positive and negative impacts to Sa Pa. For instance, the industry has helped alleviate poverty but also lead to environmental degradation, cultural invasion, and inequality for people of ethnic minority groups which are acknowledged in the most recent tourism development plan for Sa Pa town (Communist Party Committee of Sa Pa town, 2020).
Particularly, in the context that the majority of indigenous residents of Sa Pa are ethnic minorities, accounting for 82.09% of the town's population, a huge flow of tourists and investors has created a power imbalance situation between them and the local people. Accordingly, indigenous ethnic minorities, who often lack the necessary skills and knowledge, would lose business opportunities to external investors in their villages. In addition, the investors also actively buy land from local people for business purposes, causing ethnic minorities to gradually lose their production and residential land. Last but not least, local culture is also strongly affected by external culture brought by tourists and investors, causing the traditional customs to gradually disappear.
Adding to the existing problems, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has made a terrible impact on Sa Pa’s tourism, especially on small household businesses of ethnic minority groups (Trieu et al. In the long-term, all those problems would create social unrest and threaten Sa Pa’s goal of sustainable socio-economic development. Such a situation calls for sustainable tourism development strategies of Sa Pa that can 1 National Tourist Area is the title given to the most famous tourist destinations of Vietnam. Currently, there are 7 destinations that have been recognized: Sa Pa, Tuyen Lam, Hung Temple, Tam Dao, Tra Co, Sam Mountain, Mui Ne.
6 address the needs of relevant stakeholders such as local government, travel enterprises, and local people, especially those from ethnic minority groups. Nevertheless, developing a tourism strategy has never been an easy task. Baggio (2008) described the tourism sector as a system that consists of “numerous factors and activities which are interdependent and whose relationships might be highly nonlinear”. Especially in the case of Sa Pa, the diversity of ethnicities, cultures, beliefs, etc.
among local service providers as well as the involvement of numerous stakeholders in the industry has shaped a complex situation for the tourism sector in the town. Moreover, the industry has been more and more frequently facing VUCA situations2 such as natural disasters, pandemics, economic crises, etc. All those characteristics reflect a dynamically complex nature of tourism systems that causes enormous challenges for any organization and individual engaging in tourism administration. Research objective As a famous tourist destination, Sa Pa has attracted the attention of many scholars in Vietnam as well as in the world to study the issue of sustainable tourism development.
Some of them approach the issues from a general perspective and provide key problems regarding sustainable development that the tourism industry of Sa Pa has to face (La, 2018; Tran & Ngo, 2021). Other academicians delve deeper into issues related to the rights and participation of indigenous peoples in the tourism value chain (Bott, 2018; Le et al., 2016; Michaud & Turner, 2017; Truong et al. In the policy domain, Nguyen (2022) and Nguyen et al. (2020, 2022) studied the differences in opinion as well as the participation of the Kinh and ethnic minority stakeholders in tourism development in Sa Pa to provide policy implications.