PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF BINH DUONG PROVINCE THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY QUANG VAN VIET CUONG AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING HUMAN SKIN COLOURS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE CODE: 8 22 02 01 MASTER THESIS BINH DUONG - 2020 0 0 c PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF BINH DUONG PROVINCE THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY QUANG VAN VIET CUONG AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING HUMAN SKIN COLOURS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE CODE: 8 22 02 01 MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: LE THANH HOA, PhD BINH DUONG - 2020 0 0 c STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and neither any part of this thesis nor the whole of the thesis has been submitted for a degree to any university or education institution. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard of referencing practices. SIGNATURE QUANG VAN VIET CUONG Page | i 0 0 c ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Mr. Le Thanh Hoa (PhD), for his guidance and continuous support during this process.
His motivation, advocacy, and knowledge insight have helped me develop, organize, and persist in producing this product that first started as an idea. I would also like to thank all the faculty of the foreign languages at Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province for giving me the tools to look critically at the world and participate as a change agent through education. The final thesis would not have been possible without the enthusiastic support and encouragement from my friends, especially those in Cohort 4 of English language, Thu Dau Mot University. I am particularly grateful to all foreign lecturers of English at Eastern International University and all Vietnamese lecturers of English at Thu Dau Mot University for their participation in the study.
Without their support, the study would not reach such a convincing conclusion as it should. Finally, to my mother, my wife, and my sons, who have made all things possible in my life and inspire me through their love, compassion and wholehearted support. This is for you. Page | ii 0 0 c ABSTRACT The current study aimed to investigate how 23 English adjectives were used to describe human skin colours by English and Vietnamese people.
The research data was collected using questionnaires and interviews with a group of 20 English lecturers working for Eastern International University and another group of 20 Vietnamese lecturers working for Thu Dau Mot University in Binh Duong Province. The findings of the study revealed that Vietnamese people addressed the skin colours of other people more than English people and they did not use the 23 English adjectives to describe human skin colours to the degree of frequency as English people did. The findings of the study also supported Jablonski’s (2012) claim that people living in places closer to the equator had darker skin than those living in the colder climates. Based on the analysis of the 23 English adjectives collected from linguistic dictionaries, the researcher suggested the equivalents in Vietnamese.
The study has implication in terms of the usage of these adjectives for English teachers, learners, translators, dictionary writers, and machine translation. Keywords: human, skin colours, English, Vietnamese, frequency Page | iii 0 0 c TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. vi LIST OF TABLES.
vii LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF CHARTS. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. Background to the Study.
Statement of the Problem. Significance of the Study. Aims and Objectives of the Study. Research Questions and Hypotheses.
Scope and Limitations of the Study. Scope of the Study. Limitations of the Study. 8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.
Definitions of Related Linguistic Terms. Human Skin Colours. English Adjectives Used to Describe Human Skin Colours and Its Vietnamese Equivalents. Reviews of Related Studies.
Universal Classification of Skin Type on Skin Colours. Studies on Colours and Skin Colours. Population and Sample. Methods of Data Collection.
46 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. 63 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. Suggestions for Further Study. v Page | v 0 0 c TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Order Abbreviation Full form 1.
EIU Eastern International University 2. TDMU Thu Dau Mot University 3. FP Foreign Participants (used in tables, charts, and figures for the purpose of convenience) 4. VP Vietnamese Participants (used in tables, charts, and figures for the purpose of convenience) Notes: 1.
In this thesis, italics are intentionally used to highlight key terms. American Psychological Association (APA 7th edition) referencing is applied in the thesis. Page | vi 0 0 c LIST OF TABLES Order Content Page 1. Basic colours of languages 11 2.
English and Vietnamese basic colours. English adjectives describing human skin colours and 22 Vietnamese equivalents 4. Classification of skin type on skin colours 25 5. Classification of skin type on skin colours 26 6.
Sudanese skin colour terms 28 7. Question for the degree of use 38 8. Scores of English participants 38 9. Example of an uncleaned data 41 10.
Example of an uncleaned data 42 11. Frequency of adjectives by English participants 51 12. Frequency of adjectives by English participants 52 13. Frequency of adjectives by English and Vietnamese 53 participants Page | vii 0 0 c LIST OF FIGURES Order Content Page 1.
Schematic representation of the skin structure 10 2. Range of human skin colours 14 3. Human skin colours distribution 15 4. The degree of darkness of the adjectives 23 5.
Part of Google form questionnaire 39 6. Example of participant answer 41 7. Example of participant answer 42 8. Three-level model of vocabulary development 50 Page | viii 0 0 c LIST OF CHARTS Order Content Page 1.
Frequency of skin colour adjectives 23 2. Degree of use by English participants 47 5. Degree of use by Vietnamese participants 48 6. Degree of use by English and Vietnamese participants 48 7.
Use of adjectives by two English participants 49 8. Three-level model of vocabulary development 50 9. The percentage of correct usage by Vietnamese 55 participants 10. Participant skin colours 55 Page | ix 0 0 c Quang Van Viet Cuong Chapter 1.
Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background to the Study Colour is one of the aspects of objects existing in the world around us that human eyes can recognize. Colour exists in the physical world, but they are very closely related to human spiritual life, making life more exciting and beautiful. The number of words indicating colour is different in each culture and people in different cultures also use these words in a different way.
In the book titled <The Descent of Man and selection in relation to sex = published in 1871, Darwin wrote: <Of all the differences between the races of man, the colour of the skin is the most conspicuous and one of the best marked…= (p. Many studies have been conducted to compare and contrast the use of colour in English and Vietnamese currently, but there has been no research carried out in Vietnam as well as in overseas countries to compare and contrast the adjectives used to describe human skin colours in English and Vietnamese. The number of adjectives in both English and Vietnamese used to describe human skin colours is not much, but Vietnamese people do not use the English adjectives to describe skin colours correctly, especially when communicating in English with people from other cultures. Theoretical Background Firstly, because of its geography, the climate in Vietnam, a country which is located in the south-east Asia, varies greatly from north to south.
In general, it can be said that the weather is usually hot and there is a lot of sunlight in Vietnam. Unlike Vietnam, the United Kingdom has lower temperature and less Page | 1 0 0 c Quang Van Viet Cuong Chapter 1. Introduction sunlight during the year. These geographical differences can significantly influence human skin colours in the two countries.
Secondly, in terms of anthropology, Vietnamese people are described as <yellow= and have a darker skin colour, whereas English people are known as <white= and their skin colours are much lighter. In general, Vietnamese people prefer lighter skin colours than darker one. Because of the above differences, Vietnamese people may not usually use the right English adjectives to describe human skin colours. Furthermore, even when they know the right words, they may not always use these words culturally correctly.
Practical Background TDMU is the only public university in Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, which is approximately 30 kilometers to the east of Ho Chi Minh City. With the staff and officers of 732 people, the university is training 15,000 students in 37 undergraduate programmes and 1,000 graduates in 9 graduate programmes. Of all the programmes, English is the largest with over 3,000 students currently studying at the school. In the faculty of foreign languages, there are twenty-two well-qualified lecturers in charge of all English programmes.
Two of them obtained doctoral degrees in linguistics and the other twenty lecturers have master’s degrees in the field of English language teaching. All these lecturers are native speakers of Vietnamese and have been teaching English at the school as their full-time job. There are very few foreigners living and working in Thu Dau Mot City and there is no native speaker of English Page | 2 0 0 c Quang Van Viet Cuong Chapter 1. Introduction currently working for the school, the Vietnamese lecturers of English have almost no opportunity to communicate in English with foreigners, including the use of English adjectives to describe human skin colours.
Statement of the Problem When describing human skin colours, Vietnamese people tend to use English adjectives in the way they use their Vietnamese in their culture. For example, they may describe the colour of someone’s skin colour by saying he or she is white or black, which means trắng or đen in Vietnamese respectively. Actually, in the English culture, the English adjectives white and black are not mainly used to describe human skin colours in the way Vietnamese people use them. Furthermore, Vietnamese people may pay more attention to skin colours than do English people.
As a result, someone’s skin colour can be an interesting topic for a group of Vietnamese people, but it may lead to serious communication failure with English speaking people. Significance of the Study 1. Theoretical Significance Generally, the study contributes theoretical basics to research in adjectives of basic colours in English. Particularly, it figures out the similarities and differences of the adjectives used to describe human skin colours in the two languages under the light of semantic linguistics.
Practical Significance The findings of the study can be useful for many English users. In the field of English language teaching, the study helps Vietnamese teachers and students Page | 3 0 0 c Quang Van Viet Cuong Chapter 1. Introduction to use the right English adjectives to describe human skin colours and to use these adjectives properly. In publishing, the study helps book and dictionary writers to use these adjectives correctly.
Aims and Objectives of the Study 1. Aims The current study has two research aims. Firstly, it figures out the similarities and differences in the use of English and Vietnamese adjectives used to describe human skin colours. Secondly, it provides Vietnamese people with some applications of English adjectives to describe human skin colours correctly.
Objectives In order to achieve its aims, the study is designed to succeed in the following objectives.