MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY VU PHUONG THAO M. THESIS * A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIONS OF GRATITUDE FIELD: ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (So sánh cách biểu đạt sự biết ơn trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt từ góc độ giao văn hóa) VU PHUONG THAO Field: English Language Code: 8.01 * 2020 - 2022 Hanoi - 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M. THESIS A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIONS OF GRATITUDE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (So sánh cách biểu đạt sự biết ơn trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt từ góc độ giao văn hóa) VU PHUONG THAO Field: English Language Code: 8. Nguyen Thi Van Dong Hanoi – 2022 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled A cross-cultural comparative analysis on expressions of gratitude in English and Vietnamese submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in the English Language.
Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2022 Vu Phuong Thao Approved by SUPERVISOR (Signature and full name) Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support of many people. On top of that, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Nguyen Thi Van Dong, my supervisor, for her valuable guidance, her instructive comments, and her dutiful supervision, without which this thesis would be far from complete.
I also want to express my profound appreciation to all of the professors at HOU in Hanoi for their intellectual insight, wisdom, and zeal in their lectures. During the process of implementing the research, they have created favourable conditions for me, not only in terms of accessing essential materials but also through heart-warming encouragement. I also take this opportunity to express my immense thankfulness to my boss, colleagues, friends, and classmates, who have always stayed by my side, given me constructive comments, and perked me up every time I needed to. Particularly, a special word of thanks goes to Mr Andrew Jackson, Deputy Principal of SenTia school, and my colleagues at SenTia school who are all living and working in Vietnam for their invaluable help in distributing the survey questionnaire.
The significant contributions of both Vietnamese and English informants, whose names are not permitted to be mentioned in the thesis, must be acknowledged. Finally, I want to acknowledge how grateful I am to my parents for their unwavering support and encouragement. ii ABSTRACT Based on the theoretical background of cross-cultural communication, this study aims at investigating the similarities and differences in expressing gratitude towards different co-interactants in the Vietnamese and English language and culture. It primarily focuses on: exploring how to express gratitude in English and Vietnamese, making a comparison between gratitude expressions to clarify the differences and similarities in the way English and Vietnamese people use linguistic means to express gratitude in their language and culture, promoting awareness among foreign language teachers and learners of the mentioned issue.
To succeed in doing such research, the author of the study takes informants’ social parameters such as age, gender, career, nationality, education into consideration. Additionally, their survey responses are carefully analyzed to help answer research questions. The conclusions drawn from data analysis and findings are presented and compared in a brief and concise way. Some commons in the expressions of gratitude in both Vietnamese and English cultures from the data are also presented and illustrated with the hope of partially helping avoid cultural conflicts or communicating breakdowns.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES. vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .2 Aims and objectives of study.
Scope of study. Significance of study. Structure of study .3 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Review of previous studies.
Culture and communication. Cross-cultural communication. Speech act theory. Definition and classification of face.
The act of Gratitude expressions. Research-governing orientation. Major methods and supporting methods. Design and distribution of questionnaire .32 Chapter 4: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CULTURE.
The expressions of gratitude in English culture. The expressions of gratitude in Vietnamese culture. Similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese culture in terms of gratitude expressions. Summary………………………………………………………………………57 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION.
Main conclusion on objectives. Conclusion on objective one. Conclusion on objective two. Conclusion on objective three.
Implication on teaching and studying…………………………………………60 5. Limitations and suggestions for further research .62 APPENDICES v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 2.1: Ferrnado’s diagram of culture .2: Communication component schematic by Nguyen Quang (2002) .3: Areas of language knowledge (Bachman and Palmer, 1996:68) .4: Bach and Harnish’s classification of speech acts (1979) .5: Nguyen Quang’s schema of possible strategies for doing FTAs .6: Overview of Aijmer’s strategies .7: Description of Aijmer’s strategies .1: The five general functions of speech acts (following Searle 1979).2: Characteristics of the speech act of thanking.1: Overview of Aijmer’s categories .34 LIST OF CHART Chart 4.1: Question 1: How often do you express gratitude?.2: Question 2: Rank the frequency of expressing gratitude among English people of different ages from 1 (usually) to 4 (seldom)……………………36 Chart 4.3: Situation 1: You find yourself in sudden need of money $3000. You mention this to a friend. Your friend immediately offers to lend it to you.
You promise to pay your debt to her……………………………………………………37 Chart 4.4: Situation 2: You work for a big company, which is very busy. You send your manager a request for some days off. The vice president of personnel calls you into his office. He tells you to sit down.
You feel a little nervous because you have only been working these for six months. He says, ―You are doing a good job. We are so pleased with you that I am going to give you a raise‖………………………37 Chart 4.5: Situation 3: you arrive at a luxurious hotel, and security staff opens the door for you……………………………………………………………………….6: Situation 4: Your lecture meets you after class and she gives some comments for your writing to be improved……………………………………….7: Situation 5: You are at a supermarket. When you check out, the cashier gives you the change and your shopping bag………………………….8: Situation 6: You have been invited to the home of a rather new friend.
You have dinner with him and his wife and a few other friends of theirs. The food was great, and you enjoyed the evening. As you leave, your hosts accompany you to the door…………………………………………………………………………….9: Situation 7: You are married. Both you and your spouse work.
You come home late from work and find that your spouse has done some work around the house that you had promised to do, but had not had the chance to do…………42 Chart 4.14: Situation 6: Dinner party………………………….15: Situation 7: Married…………………………………………………54 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Due to its quick development and spread, English has emerged as the most influential language globally. At the time, English was known as the "golden key to every door" due to its worldwide adoption, which has since multiplied enormously, and its practical advantages. The need for English has increased in the modern world and Vietnam due to open policies and a lot of social support, and as a clear consequence of globalization, there is now an unavoidable necessity for international interaction and communication. Pure linguistic proficiency and an understanding of social norms are necessary for effective communication.
Communication skills are referred to as social ideals and interpersonal relationships. The capacity to utilize the language accurately and effectively is a prerequisite for effective communication. Without it, rudeness, misunderstanding, cultural shocks, and even communication breakdown may result. Language and culture are only found in humans.
People may cope with unintended communication breakdowns in cross-cultural engagement if they are unaware of the socio-cultural norms of the target language. For example, if a Vietnamese speaker offered assistance to a native English speaker and the recipient just replied with "Thank you" or "Thank you so much," the Vietnamese speaker would feel unpleasantly disappointed because they may have hoped for a warmer, more emotional reaction. cultural barriers in this circumstance prevented effective communication. Understanding cross-cultural communication is so essential.
Succeeding this point of view, Nguyen Quang (1998) concluded that, “One cannot master a language without a profound awareness of its cultural background and in both verbal and non-verbal communication, culture makes itself strongly felt.” Vietnamese language students who are serious about mastering the language must have a solid grasp of how culture and language are interwoven. This small-scale study, which takes into account how culture and language are connected, aims to shed light on a fascinating social phenomenon: the expressions of appreciation in English and Vietnamese. Due to space constraints, the researcher was unable to cover all of the topics, but she did select a few examples from two different languages and cultures, Vietnamese and English, to assist Vietnamese speakers of 1 English in learning the most appropriate verbal English expressions to use when expressing gratitude in particular contexts, and vice versa. The study also tries to determine whether or not cultural differences in expressions of gratitude exist.
Consequently, the parallels and discrepancies between Vietnamese and English verbal expressions of gratitude will be noted. With this study, the researcher hopes to find several intriguing and suitable verbal expressions of gratitude in Vietnamese and English for a variety of contexts to avoid or reduce the possibility of verbal expressions of gratitude being misunderstood, especially in intercultural communication. Additionally, Vietnamese English learners and native English speakers can readily connect in a variety of contexts thanks to English, a global language.2 Aims and objectives of the study Aims The study aims at helping Vietnamese learners of English better understand gratitude expressions and draws out some implications for Vietnamese learners of English, specifically for second-year students at Foreign Trade University in terms of cross-cultural communication. Objectives of the research The objectives of the study can be elaborated into the research questions as follows: - To investigate the components of Vietnamese and English expressions of gratitude.
- To distinguish between Vietnamese and English expressions of gratitude. - To help English language learners avoid cultural shock in communication by increasing knowledge of cross-cultural variables in expressing gratitude. Research questions (1) What are the features of gratitude expressions in English and Vietnamese? (2) What are the similarities and differences between gratitude expressions in English and Vietnamese? (3) What are suggestions for Vietnamese learners of English in making gratitude expressions to raise awareness of cross-cultural factors in expressing gratitude and to avoid cultural shock in communication? 2 1. Scope of the study The study gives a description and a cross-cultural comparative analysis of gratitude expressions as a speech act in English and Vietnamese.
It focuses on features, similarities and differences in using expressions of gratitude between English and Vietnamese. Socially, this study is limited to several English and Vietnamese informants who are asked to complete the survey questionnaire on ways of showing expressions of gratitude in two socially differentiated situations. Thus, other aspects of communication, such as paralinguistic features (body gestures, facial expressions, and tone and pitch of voice), mood factors, and environmental factors are not mentioned in the study. The number of informants has been limited: 35 native speakers of English informants who were born and bred in the UK and 38 informants from Vietnam (they come from different provinces of Vietnam, and half of them are second-year students (Intermediate level) in Foreign Trade University in 2022 and half of them don’t have competence in the English language).
The study collects data about situations, age, gender, tendency, etc. with regards to the expressions of gratitude from sources, authority books, and more crucially from survey questionnaires filled in by respondents who are English and Vietnamese.