1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- NGUYỄN THI ̣ LIÊN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PERFECTIVE MODALS OF NECESSITY, CERTAINTY AND ABILITY AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS FROM SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE (So sánh đố i chiế u các trơ ̣ đô ̣ng từ tin ̀ h thái hoàn thành tiế ng Anh biể u hiêṇ sư ̣ cầ n thiế t, sự chắ c chắ n và khả năng và tương đương trong tiế ng Viêṭ trên quan điể m chức năng hê ̣ thố ng ) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HANOI – 2010 z 2 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- NGUYỄN THI ̣ LIÊN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PERFECTIVE MODALS OF NECESSITY, CERTAINTY AND ABILITY AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS FROM SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE (So sánh đố i chiế u các trơ ̣ đô ̣ng từ ti ̀ nh thái hoàn thành tiế ng Anh biể u hiêṇ sư ̣ cầ n thiế t, sự chắ c chắ n và khả năng và tương đương trong tiế ng Viêṭ trên quan điể m chức năng hê ̣ thố ng ) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Đỗ Tuấn Minh (Ph.) HANOI – 2010 z 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration …………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………. ii List of tables and figures ……………………………………………………………. iv Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………. Rationale for the Study …………………………………………………………… 2 1.
Aims of the Study ………………………………………………………………… 3 1. Scope of the Study ………………………………………………………………. Methodology of the Study ………………………………………………………. Design of the Study ……………………………………………………………….
3 5 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS ………………………………. Modality in English ………………………………………………………………. The traditional view of Modality ………………………………………. The definition of Modality ………………………………….
Types of Modality ……………………………………………… 6 2. Markers of Modality ……………………………………………. Modality in Functional Grammar ………………………………………. Polarity and Modality ………………………………………….
Types of modality ……………………………………………… 7 2. Realizations of modality ………………………………………. Modality in Vietnamese …………………………………………………………. Different viewpoints of modality in Vietnamese ……………………….
Types of modality ………………………………………………………. Expressions of modality ………………………………………………. Features of Modality in Vietnamese …………………………………… 11 2. Modal verbs in English in the light of Systemic Functional Grammar ………….
Definition of English modal verbs ……………………………………. Features of English modal verbs ………………………………………. List of modal verbs in English …………………………………………. Modal verbs discussed in this study …………………………………….
Modal verbs in Vietnamese ………………………………………………………. Definition of modal verbs in Vietnamese ……………………………… 14 2. Features of modal verbs in Vietnamese ………………………………. List of modal verbs in Vietnamese …………………………………….
Modal verbs discussed in this study ……………………………………. Comparison of modal verbs in English and Vietnamese ………………. 17 CHAPTER 3: ENGLISH PERFECTIVE MODALS OF NECESSITY, 19 CERTAINTY AND ABILITY FROM SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS ………………. Perfective modals of necessity and their Vietnamese equivalents ……………….
List of modals of necessity ……………………………………………. Scale of necessity ………………………………………………………. Modals of necessity in the perfective …………………………………. Perfective modal verbs of necessity in the positive ………….
Perfective modals of necessity in the negative ………………. Cầ n, cầ n phải ………………………………………………… 25 3. Perfective modals of certainty and their Vietnamese equivalents ………………. List of modals of certainty …………………………………………….
Scale of certainty ………………………………………………………. Modals of certainty in the perfective …………………………………… 31 3. Perfective modals of certainty in the positive ………………. Perfective modals of certainty in the negative ……………….
Perfective modals of ability and their Vietnamese equivalents …………………. List of English modals of ability ………………………………………. Modals of ability in the perfective …………………………………. Summary ………………………………………………………………………… 39 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………… 41 z 10 41 4.
Summary of the study ……………………………………………………………. Problems of teaching and learning English perfective modal verbs ……………. Some suggestions for teaching and learning …………………………………. Suggestions for further research ………………………………………………….……………………………………… 45 z 5 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES AND FIGURES Page Table 1: Modalization and modulation (Halliday 1994: 91) ………………….
8 Table 2: Modality value (Halliday 1994: 360) ………………………………… 10 Table 3: Modal operators ……………………………………………………… 14 Table 4: Modal verbs in English and Vietnamese in the negative …………… 17 Table 5: Three “values” of modality ………………………………………… 21 Table 6: Examples of requirement …………………………………………… 21 Table 7: Examples of modal verbs of necessity with the values ……………… 22 Table 8: Summary of modals of necessity in the scale (Lock 1996: 213) …… 22 Table 9: Deductions and predictions ………………………………………… 28 Table 10: Examples of likelihood ………………………………………………. 30 Table 11: Examples of modal verbs of certainty with the values ……………… 30 Table 12: Summary of modals of certainty in the scale (Lock 1996: 213) …… 31 Table 13: Summary of modal verbs of necessity, certainty and ability ………… 40 Figure 1: Probability and obligation with positive and negative propositions and 20 proposals …………………………………………………………. Figure 2: Modal values …………………………………………………………. 22 Figure 3: Modal operators of certainty ………………………………………….
29 Figure 4: Modal values …………………………………………………………. INTRODUCTION In recent years, linguists have turned attention from structural to functional linguistics. Greater attention has been paid to the power of language as a tool of communication and areas of sentence‟s meanings. The concept of sentence‟s meanings has expanded to include not only representative but also modality.
Nevertheless, the area of modality is rather harder to define, as has been demonstrated by Palmer (1986). Similar notions of modality still live on in certain branches of linguistics. The notional category modality is grammatically realized very diversely throughout the sentence, in modal verbs and adverbs. Despite the strong interests in them, the modals remain a high controversial linguistic phenomenon.
However, chosen for inclusion in this paper are grams with uses that are associated with modality - necessity, certainty and ability. According to Palmer (1986), English has a system of modal verbs: will, can, may, must, etc. In Halliday‟s view, there are also 12 tenses which are available in non-finite and modalized verbal groups. We have past realized by (secondary) have (in a non-finite form) and past particle.
“Although modality itself is not subject to variation in tense, it combines freely with any tense” (1970: 177). Modal auxiliary verbs may sound easy at first but in fact, they are difficult. Making this explicit to teachers and learners could reduce the teaching and learning burden. Hence, a crucial requirement is the necessity to analyse perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability in sufficient depth.
That is my preoccupation in writing this paper. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY Of all the languages in the world today, English deserves to be regarded as a world language. Verghese (1989: 1) points out: “One person out of every four on earth can be reached through English”. In English, we can communicate a thought or an idea with precision by learning how to use a verb.
It is, therefore, necessary to acquire a thorough knowledge of verbs, among which the English modals seem to be used at high frequencies. Thanks to modal verbs, the communication among people can be diversified and colourful z 12 because they can bring emotions, attitudes or opinions into what they say by using modals. In fact, modal verbs are not simple as thought. They may be considered to be easy for the beginners who just know the meanings superficially.
However, when we can command the language better, we find it really difficult to use their distinctive features properly. English modal auxiliaries have captured my attention since I was a university student. At that time, the fact that the more frequently modals are used, the more errors are made urged me to do a careful research to find what the problems were called “Mistakes in using perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability by Vietnamese learners of English”. That Graduation Paper was discussed taking the view of traditional grammar.
As a part of M. program, I had chance to study Functional Grammar, which caused a number of troubles for me in the beginning but caught my fancy at the end. After this course, the topic for my thesis arose. That is analyzing perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability using Systemic Functional Grammar as the theoretical framework.
Reviewing the literature, quite a lot of questions concern modality and modals but few of them have yet been definitely answered. Several researchers and learners have made studies of modality and modals in general rather than perfective modals. My paper does not yet offer a complete and coherent picture but it reflects, in my opinion, some of the best efforts in that direction. All the three reasons mentioned above are my motivations to carry out this study.
AIMS OF THE STUDY It is my aim to focus on making some preliminary enquiries about mo dality and modal verbs in English and Vietnamese. However, neither is my ambition to cover all the things related to modality nor do I intend to deal with all aspects relating to each modal. In view of the complexity of my subject matter, I will have to be eclectic and illustrate the perfective modals of the three meanings of necessity, certainty and ability in the spirit of functional grammar view in detail followed by their Vietnamese equivalents. Bearing these aims and objectives in mind, I made every attempt to answer the following research questions: z 13 1.
What is modality and how modality conceptualized in traditional grammar and in Systemic Functional Grammar? 2. What are the modal verbs in English as seen from the light of Systemic Functional Grammar and their Vietnamese equivalents? 3. How is modality of necessity, certainty and ability expressed by perfective modal verbs and their equivalents in Vietnamese? 1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Studying all things about modality and modal verbs will be too broad themes and, therefore, an impossible task for any researchers.
For the feasibility of a minor M. thesis, I narrowed the scope of my paper. Some preliminaries of modality and modal verbs are included in the second chapter. Modality in English is not discussed in any branch of grammar apart from in Traditional Grammar as the background and in the light of Functional Grammar as the focus.
An overview grasp of modality in Vietnamese is also mentioned in contrast. In the main chapter, Chapter 3, I did not intend to investigate all the meanings of the modal auxiliaries. Rather, only three meanings - necessity, certainty and ability – were the concentration of my analyses. I did not study these modals in general or simple modals but the modals with have done (called perfective modals).
My concern in the contrastive part was to find the equivalents in Vietnamese for those modals in English. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The methodology of the study was based on descriptive analysis and qualitative data activities. The reference materials, after being collected or accessed, were selected, analyzed and grouped into categories so that the subject can be described in detailed. Examples, tables and figures were also provided to illustrate the description.
For comparison, the writer applies comparison of modal verbs expressing similar meanings in some examples in English and Vietnamese. DESIGN OF THE STUDY This study comprises four chapters: Introduction, Theoretical orientations, English Perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability from systemic functional perspective and their Vietnamese equivalents, and Conclusion. z 14 The first chapter introduces, gives reasons, states what the study is aimed at, identifies the delimitation of the study, presents the methodology and the organization of the study. Chapter 2 is mainly devoted to the theoretical dimensions of investigation, in which modality and modals in English and Vietnamese are studied.
This includes two main parts: Modality in English and Vietnamese and Modal verbs in English and Vietnamese. Chapter 3 is concerned with descriptions and analyses of the three meanings - necessity, certainty and ability in English and Vietnamese equivalents. The last chapter closes, briefly, with the summary, the discussion of the problems in teaching and learning these modals and some suggestions for further research. z 15 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS 2.
INTRODUCTION The area of meaning referred to as modality is rather broad and finds expression in many areas of the language besides mood. Different linguists use different terms in talking about modality.