VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai bài phát biểu về phụ nữ của Hillary Clinton vào các năm 1995 và 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2016 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai bài phát biểu về phụ nữ của Hillary Clinton vào các năm 1995 và 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Ngô Hữu Hoàng Hanoi, 2016 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` DECLARATION I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A critical discourse analysis of two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013” is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, and that this thesis has not been submitted for any other degrees. Hanoi, 2016 Phạm Thị Tuấn i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Ngô Hữu Hoàng for helping me complete this study.
This paper would not have been accomplished without his expert, constant and valuable guidance and encouragement. His patience and helpful criticism helped me confidently express my ideas into this paper. I also wish to express my sincere thanks to all my lecturers at the Faculty of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies for their valuable lectures which have helped me a great deal in gaining a lot of theoretical background as well as practical knowledge. My special thanks also go to my friends and colleagues for their enthusiastic help and support with my teaching schedule at school which gave me precious time to deal with my thesis.
Finally, I would also like to express my deep gratitude and love to my family who gave me time and encouragement to overcome all obstacles during the completion of this study. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` ABSTRACT This study attempts to discover the relationship between power, ideology and discourse embraced in two speeches delivered by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013, using the CDA framework suggested by Norman Fairclough (2001). The analysis is carried out in three separated phases namely Description, Interpretation, and Explanation. Major aspects selected for analysis include vocabulary, grammar, and macro-structures.
Due to the limited time, the study focuses on analysis of lexical choice, voice, pronouns, and large-scale structures. The findings show that ideology and power are expressed in a number of ways, and there is not much difference between two speeches. The biggest difference lies on the situational context that exerts influences on exhibiting power and ideology. While 1995 speech centers on depicting the reality of harsh treatment on women, 2013 speech offers a review of achievements and remains in fights for women advancement.
In general, both speeches serve as Clinton‘s calls for actions on women rights violations. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA:Critical Discourse Analysis S: Sentence M: Macro - statement iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Page Table 1: Frequency of pronoun ―I‖ and ―We‖ in 1995 and 2013 Speech 21 Table 2: Frequency of active and passive voice in 1993 and 1995 Speech 24 Figures Figure 1: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001: 119) 11 Figure 2: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001: 136) 12 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.
v TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi PART A: INTRODUCTION. Aims of the study and Research Questions. Aims of the study.
Scope of the study. Design of the study. Significance of the study. 5 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW.
An overview of CDA .1 The development of CDA .2 Definitions of CDA .3 Some main directions in CDA. Description of the text. Interpretation of the text. Explanation of the text .11 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.
14 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Research questions restated. Methods of the study. Data of the study.
Analysis procedure of the study. 16 CHAPTER 3: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 .1 Description of vocabulary use .2 Description of grammatical features. The use of ―I‖ and ―we‖ pronouns. The use of voice .3 Description of macro-structures.
Interpretation of situational context .2 Interpretation of inter-textual context .3 Interpretation of language use. Interpretation of vocabulary use .2 Interpretation of grammatical features. The use of pronouns ―I‖ and ―we‖. The use of voice.
Interpretation of macro-structures. Macrostructures in 1995 speech. Macrostructures in 2013 speech .1 Explanation of 1995 speech .2 Explanation of 2013 speech. Summary of findings.
Limitations of the study and Recommendations for further study. 44 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. I viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale There has been much written about Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in recent years.
It is noticeably noted that not only does CDA seek to describe language but it also offers critical resources to those wishing to resist various forms of power. With its success in discerning the relationship between language and power in a wide range of contexts, CDA is attracting growing interest of numerous worldwide language researchers. Language is one of the greatest inventions that human have ever made. It has been long considered a communication tool that people use to express their wills, their feelings and their attitudes towards the world.
By this way, language is a social phenomenon. From CDA‘s perspective, language is said a part of society, social practice and a socially-conditioned process (Fairclough, 2001). As a part of society, language is taken advantage of by different specialists from various fields, in which politics is included. It is often said that politics is about power, and language serves as a useful weapon that country leaders use to achieve their political purposes.
From that, there is no doubt for the close relationship between language and politics; in other words, between language and power. Political speeches are striking examples for the application of linguistic practice to show power. Generally speaking, as a speech is given, not only are the messages delivered, but the speaker‘s ideology and power are also embedded. CDA approaches the study and critique of social inequality by focusing on the role of discourse in the production and reproduction of dominance, which is defined as the exercise of social power by elites, institutions or groups, that results in social inequality, including political, cultural, class, ethic, racial, and gender inequality (van Dijk, 1993, p.
One important social issue that be examined in any given culture in terms of dominance and inequality is gender. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` That women rights violation is a pressing world problem leads to the delivery of numerous speeches. The speaker, Hillary Clinton, also made a number of remarks on the issue, in which 1995 speech is the most outstanding ever. 2013 speech is also chosen for analysis for it is the review of 1995 one and also gains some important popularity.
To my best knowledge, there have been quite a variety of researchers working on language and power connection through the analysis of political speech. However, most of them tended to study a single speech, and this remains a slot for me to fill here. Hence, in this thesis, I maybe have a look at the same matter, yet with the investigation of two speeches at the same time. All reasons mentioned above lead me to the choice of these two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton as the data of the study for analysis from the viewpoint of CDA.
Aims of the study and Research Questions 2. Aims of the study The study aims to: - Provide a critical analysis of two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013 based on Fairclough‘s framework to find out the way hidden power and ideologies are shown in two speeches. - Find out changes in the way power and ideologies are shown in two speeches. Research questions To achieve the aims of the study, the following research questions have been posed: 1.
How are ideologies and power lexically, syntactically and macro-structurally shown in two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013? 2. Are there any changes in the way ideologies and power are shown in two speeches? If yes, what changes are they? 3. Scope of the study 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` In this critical discourse analysis, the researcher is confined to the written aspects of two speeches and some concerned situational contexts as a kind of background knowledge. This thesis is a linguistic study rather than a political or social one.
It is actually based on political speeches to approach and to do a linguistic research for an academic purpose. Design of the study The study consists of three parts illustrated as follows: Part A is the INTRODUCTION of the study which presents the rationale, scope, aims, methodology, and design of the study. Part B is the DEVELOPMENT which is made up of three chapters. Chapter 1: Theoretical background and literature review.
This chapter gives an overview of CDA – its history, role, concepts, and procedure. Chapter 2: Methodology of the study This chapter provides a detailed description of the methodology, which includes research methods applied for data collection, the types of the data, and the analysis procedure of the study. Chapter 3: A critical discourse analysis of two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013 The CDA procedure addressed by Fairclough (2001) is applied to analyze two speeches to find out the relationship between power, ideology and language, and simultaneously explore the similarities and differences in how power and ideology are reflected in two speeches. Part C is the CONCLUSION which summarizes the major findings of the study, draws important conclusions, and offers suggestions for further research.
Significance of the study 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` Theoretically, this study provides a support to CDA theories. From an objective view as linguists when approaching texts, CDA analysts can find out ideology and power hidden behind words. Practically, this study is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements of my degree of Master in English Linguistics. Moreover, with the investigation of two speeches at the same time, it may provide the researcher another approach to political speech analysis from CDA viewpoint.
4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ` PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1. An overview of CDA 1.1 The development of CDA Before the 1970s, linguistic research was mostly concerned with the formal aspects of language, which are believed to theoretically be isolated from specific instances of language use (Chomsky, 1957). The attention was shifted when the relation between language and context was considered, as in pragmatics, with a focus on speakers‘ pragmatic or socio-linguistic competence. In the 1970s, text and discourse analysis, which lay the emphasis on the role of language in structuring power relations in society, has been emerged and flourished.