HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF FORAGING GRAY BATS (MYOTIS GRISESCENS) FROM FIVE MATERNITY SITES IN NORTHERN ARKANSAS Patrick Ryan Moore A Thesis presented to the faculty of Arkansas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY ARKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY May 2016 Committee Members Dr. Virginie Rolland, Advisor Dr. Thomas Risch, Committee Member Dr. Keith Morris, Committee Member © 2016 Patrick Ryan Moore ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Patrick Ryan Moore HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF FORAGING GRAY BATS (MYOTIS GRISESCENS) FROM FIVE MATERNITY SITES IN NORTHERN ARKANSAS Gray bats (Myotis grisescens) were listed as endangered in 1976 because of declining populations resulting from cave disturbance.
The Gray Bat Recovery Plan recommends further study on foraging habits and home range. Yet, few data exist partly because gray bats have large home ranges, making ground-based tracking methods problematic. Accordingly, the objective was to assess gray bats’ foraging habits using aerial tracking. In 2014-2015, five maternity sites in Arkansas were harp-trapped, and 112 adult reproductive female gray bats were radio-tracked from a Cessna 182 Skylane, gathering 1,293 time-independent locations from June 15-July 15.
Fixed-kernel density with least square cross validation was used to determine home range (95% of locations), core- foraging area (50% of locations), and Minimum Convex Polygon of a sub-sample of 42 individuals with ≥15 independent locations. In 2014, mean 95% home range was 362.9 km²), and 50% core-foraging was 83. In 2015, mean 95% home range was 57.6 km²), and 50% core-foraging was 13. A compositional analysis revealed that female gray bats traveled and foraged over water proportionally more than expected based on availability across the landscape when compared to other habitat types.
With such large home ranges, management strategies for gray bats should go beyond protecting roost sites to include waterways and riparian areas for travel and foraging on sensitive aquatic insect species. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I thank my wife, Jessie Jean Green, for being there on this journey that was not always stress-free. We spent over two years apart, and you always supported me in my pursuits, especially through the tough times. You always had a solution, for us and in your capacity as a top-notch biologist.
We did it! You can go and get your PhD now, I think I’ll take a break. To my mother, father, and stepfather. We had some interesting years, but I stand here now on the foundation that you helped me build. Without your support in innumerable aspects of my life, I would not be here now.
Also, you taught us to appreciate the outdoors, our connection to the land. You helped to instill the love I have for what I do. Thank you, so very much. To my grandfather, George De Roeck, who was the culmination of love and graciousness that I wish were possible in all of humanity.
You were always there, writing me and teaching me the hard-won lessons you learned in life. When things were tough, your response was to rise and face it. No one will do it for you. I wish you could still be here, to celebrate this milestone with me, but I am grateful for all of the time we had.
To my advisor, Dr. Years ago, we were staring at each other, both wondering what we had gotten ourselves into. Me untested, and you a top-notch researcher. It has almost never been easy.
It has always been a challenge. I thank you for ii that. Your countless hours of dedication have helped me hone my abilities far beyond what I thought possible at the beginning. When people say you are tough, and you are hard, I respond, “Good, that’s what you need in life”.
I look forward to continued work with you in the future. Tom Risch, the man responsible for showing me the world that is my passion. Eight years ago, you called an undergraduate into your office, who was wondering if he really wanted to spend his life managing deer, and asked if he wanted to spend the summer living in the woods and catch bats. I love what I do.
I have you to thank for that. Through the years, and countless collaborations, I consider you not only the Bat Boss, but also a true friend. Keith Morris, thank you for the skills you have taught me. GIS and remote sensing have become some of the most worthwhile skills I have acquired.
The work has already paid for itself. Thank you for your guidance. To my Bat Brothers and Sisters; Tracy Klotz, Phillip Jordan, Jimmy Gore, Daniel Istvanko, Kyle Edmonds, Caitlin Campbell, and Megan Wallrichs. It has truly been a journey of discovery and friendship.
You were always there to challenge me (looking at Phillip), and were instrumental in the evolution of where I sit today. Solid friendships are born in the field, and I can always count on you five in the good times and the bad. You are experts in your fields, and I could always count on you for help. Daniel, our projects were like fraternal twins.
Yours with forest bats and mine cavernicolous. Thank you for your help in developing the methodology that allowed our projects to contribute new research to bat ecology iii To Ron Redman, geospatial mastermind and business partner. Thank you for your knowledge of GIS and being a sounding board for all of my theories. Your thoughts were always spot on.
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to build my experience as a sought-after consultant. Thanks for giving me the experience to become a well-rounded bat biologist. Thank you for giving me the probable cave locations when my bats disappeared. Thank you for being my friend.
To Erin Knoll, Tommy Inebnit, and Mitch Wine. Thanks for taking a chance on allowing me to conduct research on some of our most sensitive species. Thanks for your insight and assistance along the way. The three of you personify what the U.
Fish and Wildlife Service stands for. To the Arkansas Wing of the Civil Air Patrol, thank you for the countless hours of dedication and flying. Colonel Harrell Clendenin, as Wing Commander, you jumped at the chance to provide military efficiency for this project. I’ll never forget my first flight.
To the logistics coordinators and pilots: Joel Buckner, Doug Alexander, Rusty Henderson, Scott James, Wes Minear, David Wilkins, Gregory Gempler, Max Gore, Art Formanek, Chris McLellan, Richard Jeffries, Charles Rine, Steve Johnson, Pete Seidel, Daniel Hutson, Dave Waller, Lee Clark, and Nathan Eddington. There would be no project without your extensive dedication to volunteering countless hours and passion for flying. I can safely say to all of you, “You are a hell of a pilot”. Dave Waller, Lee Clark, and Nathan Eddington; you gentlemen spent a LOT of time away from your homes and families.
Your sacrifice to almost daily flights on this project will not be iv forgotten. Thank you Civil Air Patrol, not only for your help on this project, but in helping me find a place to volunteer my time and skills. To my committee; Dr. Virginie Rolland, Dr.
Tom Risch, and Dr. This was an extensive project, and your time dedicated to it is very much treasured. Each of you taught me a facet of the skills it took to execute this project in the field and on paper. The three of you have been fantastic.
To Blake Sasse and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Thank you for the chance at making this project a success. Blake, you were there for every step, and the collaboration with you was essential in the proper execution of this project. Thank you for your time, and your trust.
Thanks to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, whose Section 6 funding dollars made this study possible. It allowed us to explore avenues of research relating to gray bat foraging beyond expectation. I hope the data contained within will help with future decision-making processes. To Jason Throneberry of the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission and Mike Slay of The Nature Conservancy.
Your help securing additional funding for adding Cave Springs Cave to the project resulted in interesting data we might not otherwise have gathered. The information gained has never been documented. To Cindi Beason and Sandra Eastman; you know why I love you. Any project that comes through the Department of Biology happens because of you both.
You are the true reason why research happens in our department. Your knowledge and hard work is never forgotten, and they should give you both substantial raises. v To the landowners and stewards of our cave locations. TNC and ANRC secured access to Cave Springs Cave, the Bella Vista Townhome Association allowed us into Crystal Cave, Logan Cave National Wildlife Refuge for allowing us into Logan Cave, Clifford Craig, caretaker of the hunting club that owns Bone Cave.
These partners are essential in conducting ongoing research, and their understanding of the sensitive nature of our environment and the species that inhabit it is inspiring. These are stewards on the front lines, protecting our precious resources. To the professors, staff, lab mates, and fellow students at Arkansas State University. With two degrees from this university, I feel as if I could have done no better anywhere else.
The standards require one to rise and meet the challenge, to develop into a world- class researcher and biologist. It takes a village, and it is one of the best. Thank you all so much for your dedication to knowledge and learning. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.xi LIST OF FIGURES……………….……………………………………………………xii Chapter 1: General Introduction .1 Impacts of Threats to Bat Populations .2 Gray Bat Population and Listing Status .3 Gray Bat Biology .2 Status and Threats.4 Aerial Radio-tracking .5 Statement of the Problem .4 Roost-Switching Behavior .1 Home Range and Core-foraging Areas .1 Home Range and Core-foraging Areas .1 Aerial-tracking Feasibility.2 Home Range Size of Reproductive Adult Female Gray Bats .2 Roost-site Selection .3 Foraging intensity/duration.
ground-based telemetry for bat foraging studies. 79 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Characteristics of study sites showing county location, year flown, colony size, and landscape characteristics. Cave-level gray bat 95% FK, 50% FK, and 95% MCP ranges (in ha), with colony sizes and number of time-independent locations (n).
Mean individual home ranges (95%), core-foraging area (50%) and MCP by site, with number of individuals (N) having ≥15 time-independent locations. Combined site, year-specific mean individual-level 95% FK, 50% FK, and 95% MCP (± 1 SE ha) with reproductive status and number of individuals in each sample. Second-order compositional analysis by year, with used land-cover types in order of preference (i., Rank 1 is the most preferred). Third-order compositional analysis by site, with used land-cover types in order of preference (i., Rank 1 is the most preferred).
Under each ranked habitat, the first number is the percent used and the second number is percent available. Hypothetical comparison of costs between aerial tracking and ground-based telemetry (3 stations) using 10 radios for 28 days. 68 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Geographic range of Myotis grisescens, inhabiting the eastern karst regions of states highlighted within the boundary (A.
Gray bat maternity colony sites selected for study across northern Arkansas. Light gray labels represent 2014 sites, whereas dark gray indicates 2015 caves. Straight-line distance between roost-sites in 2014. Straight-line distance between roost-sites in 2015.
Optimus calibration trial by the White River, AR. Triangles indicate the fixed known location of three transmitters (1) below the bluff line, (2) in forested cover, and (3) in an open field. Squares depict four pre-determined locations both 0.8 km (yellow) apart, unknown to aerial team, for determining location error. Flight search pattern in a square (A) and circle (B) patterns, used in 2014 and 2015, respectively.
Tracking error and travel time of a given bat. The pink line shows how a bat may have traveled, while speed was determined using straight-line distance.