ORIGINALITY STATEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Effect of important factors effect on shelf life of the harvested fruits and vegetables
1.2. Post-harvest storage techniques to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Gaseous treatments
1.3. Overview Of Chitosan. Introduction of polyphenol and interaction between chitosan and polyphenols
1.4. Overview of polyphenol
1.5. Interaction between chitosan and polyphenols. Functions and advantages of edible films/coatings
1.6. Recent reports on chitosan-based active films incorporated with natural extracts
1.7. Introduction of natural extracts
1.8. Overview of Banana (Musa acuminate) and current research on preservative
1.9. Composition of banana. Changes in color and physiochemical properties of banana during ripening
1.10. Recent reports on extending the shelf life of banana
1.11. Overview of King orange and its preservation
1.12. Development and biochemical composition of King orange
1.13. Changes in color and physiochemical properties of King orange during ripening
1.14. Recent reports on extending the shelf life of oranges
2. EXPERIMENT AND METHODS
2.1. Chemicals and materials
2.2. Extraction, identification and characterization of natural extracts
2.2.1. Extraction process
2.2.2. Characterization of chemical constituents
2.2.3. Determination of moisture, ash degree, and extraction yield
2.2.4. Determination of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents
2.2.5. Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extract
2.3. Preparation of coating solution and film
2.3.1. Characterizations of coating film: SEM, color, UV-vis, and optical properties
2.3.2. ATR-FTIR and XRD
2.3.3. Contact angle, moisture, solubility, and swelling
2.3.4. Water vapor permeability
2.3.5. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities
2.3.6. Release assays of polyphenols from as-prepared active films
2.3.7. Physiochemical determination of coating solution
2.3.8. Evaluation of coating efficiency on banana and orange peel
2.3.9. Application of coating solution to preserve banana and King orange
2.3.10. Observation of peel colour
2.3.11. Determination of titratable total soluble sugar, acidity, and pH
2.3.12. Determination of weight loss
2.3.13. Determination of respiration rate
2.3.14. Determination of vitamin C
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Characterization of chitosan film incorporated with Piper betle L. extract
3.1.1. Identification and characterization
3.1.2. Moisture, ash degree, and extraction yield
3.1.3. Total polyphenol content
3.1.4. Characterization of phenolic compounds
3.1.5. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties
3.1.6. Properties of coating films
3.1.7. The appearance of the modified chitosan films
3.1.8. ATR-FTIR analyses
3.1.9. X-ray diffraction analysis
3.1.10. Wettable properties
3.1.11. Light transmittance of the film
3.1.12. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
3.2. Characterization of chitosan film incorporated with Sonneratia ovata leaf extract
3.2.1. Identification and characterization
3.2.2. Moisture, ash degree, and efficiency
3.2.3. Total phenolic and flavonoid content
3.2.4. Evaluation of chemical compounds
3.2.5. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties
3.2.6. Properties of CS-SOE coating films
3.2.7. ATR-FTIR analysis
3.2.8. Tensile mechanical property
3.2.9. Moisture, solubility and swelling degree and water vapor permeability
3.3. Comparative characterization and release study of chitosan film added with Piper betel L. extract and Sonneratia ovata leaf extract
3.3.1. Characterization of films
3.3.2. Visual appearance, surface morphology, and color of film
3.3.3. ATR-FTIR and XRD analyses
3.3.4. Film thickness, mechanical properties, and water vapor transmission
3.3.5. UV-protection property
3.3.6. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties
3.3.7. Release of polyphenols
3.4. Physicochemical properties of coating solution
3.4.1. Application for banana preservation
3.4.2. Coating efficiency of coating solution. Morphology of uncoated and coated banana peels. Changes in the quality of coated bananas
3.4.3. Application for King orange preservation
3.4.4. Coating efficiency of coating solution. Morphology of uncoated and coated orange peels. Changes in the quality of coated oranges
REFERENCES
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
THESIS INFORMATION