VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ************************* ĐẶNG THỊ HOÀNG LAN AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ERRORS IN VERB-TENSE FORMS FOUND IN PARAGRAPH–WRITING BY THE 10th-FORM STUDENTS AT KIM THANH UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL (Khảo sát các lỗi về dạng thì của động từ thường gặp trong bài viết đoạn văn của học sinh lớp 10 trường THPT Kim Thành) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 Hanoi – 2016 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ************************* ĐẶNG THỊ HOÀNG LAN AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ERRORS IN VERB-TENSE FORMS FOUND IN PARAGRAPH–WRITING BY THE 10th-FORM STUDENTS AT KIM THANH UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL (Khảo sát các lỗi về dạng thì của động từ thường gặp trong bài viết đoạn văn của học sinh lớp 10 trường THPT Kim Thành) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60140111 Supervisor: ASSOC. LÊ VĂN CANH Hanoi – 2016 z DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, ĐẶNG THỊ HOÀNG LAN, hereby certify that this thesis, which is entitled “An Investigation into the Errors in Verb-Tense Forms Found in Paragraph-Writing by the 10th-Form Students at Kim Thanh Upper- Secondary School” is created from my original work.
I have firmly declared the contribution of others to my thesis such as data analysis, practical strategies, and all other researches that were employed or reviewed in my thesis. This thesis is the result of my own study in the fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts at Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Hanoi, 2016 ĐẶNG THỊ HOÀNG LAN i z ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Lê Văn Canh, whose insightful comments, criticism, direction and kind support were of great assistance to me in carrying out this study.
My sincere thanks also go to all the lecturers and staff of the Faculty of Post- Graduate Studies, Hanoi University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, for their valuable knowledge and invaluable guidance and help during my two years of study at the Faculty. I am also indebted to my colleagues as well as my students at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School, who have helped me a lot in my data collection to fulfill this paper. Last but not least, I would like to express my appreciation to my family for their understanding and strong encouragement to me throughout the study. Đặng Thị Hoàng Lan ii z ABSTRACT This study aims at investigating the common errors in verb-tense forms made by the students of grade 10 at Kim Thanh Upper- Secondary School.
The participants are forty two tenth-grade students at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School, where the author is working. In order to find out the most common errors in verb-tense forms and factors causing the students‟ making these errors, two data collection instruments are employed: students‟ written paragraphs and individual open-ended interviews. The results showed that more errors were made in verb-tense forms than in verb-tense choice. Regarding the errors made by the students‟ confusion of different verb tenses, the most and the least erroneous tenses were the Past Simple tense and the Future Simple Tense respectively.
As to errors in verb-tense forms, omission errors were the most frequent ones, while misordering was the least frequently-made. By describing and interpreting the data collected, the researcher managed to find out factors leading to these errors, which consisted of both objective factors and subjective factors. Based on the literature review and findings, the author put forward practical suggestions to the teachers of English with a view to improving English teaching and learning at the school. iii z TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF TABLES .vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vii PART A: INTRODUCTION. Rationale of the study. Objectives of the study.
Scope of the study. Method of study ………………………………………………. Design of the study. Significance of the study.
5 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. The writing syllabus for 10th-grade students. Definitions of errors. Causes of errors.
The challenges of learning English verb tenses. Theoretical Foundation of Error Analysis …………………….Interference of First language (L1) into Second Language (L2)…………. Methods used in researching errors………………………………………….P Corder‟s Error Analysis Procedure…………………………. Surface Strategy Taxonomy (Dulay, Burt and Krahsen, 1982) ….
Research design and methodology. Data Collection Instruments. 21 CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION……………………. Common verb-tense errors made by the 10th-form students.
23 at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School. Wrong choice of verb tenses. Wrong formation of verb tenses. Errors of omission.
Errors of addition. Errors of misformation. Errors of misordering. Factors that lead to the errors in verb-tense forms in paragraph writing made by the 10th-form students at Kim Thanh.
32 Upper-Secondary School. Discussion of the findings. Limitations and suggestions for further study. Limitations of the study.
Suggestions for further research. 39 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………I APPENDIX A: Questions for interview APPENDIX B: Photocopies of some students‟ writing pieces v z LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page Table 1.1 Fossilization Process of Interlanguage (adapted from 13 Selinker 1972) Table 1.2 Positive and Negative Transfer (Adapted from Khansir, 14 2012) Table 1.3 Error Analysis Procedure by S.1 An overview of the errors in verb tense choice 24 Table 3.2 Omission Errors 27 Table 3.3 Addition Errors 29 Table 3.4 Misformation errors 30 Table 3.5 Misordering errors 31 Table 3.6 Summary of the errors in verb-tense forms 31 Table 3.7 Factors leading to the errors 33 vi z LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BA: Bachelor of Arts M.A: Master of Arts EFL: English as a Foreign Language L1: First language, or Mother tongue. L2: Second language vii z PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study In English, the different tenses are signaled by verb endings or by auxiliary verbs.
The English tense system is quite complicated. Therefore, it is not surprising that even though students start from the easiest tense, they find it difficult to understand, remember and use the tense correctly, especially when, besides various uses and forms of different verb tenses, they have to memorize all kinds of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and auxiliaries. This will make students bored and make it difficult for them to comprehend English grammar. In English writing, verb is the most active part in the sentence for expressing an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.
Palmer (1965: 5) suggests that “learning a language is to a very large degree learning how to operate the verbal forms of that language.” In English, verbs are inflected for tense while there is no inflection in Vietnamese. This causes difficulty to Vietnamese students learning English. Through this study, the author tries to find out the common types of errors in using verb-tense forms made by the 10th- grade students at Kim Thanh Upper- Secondary School in their written paragraphs. As a teacher at Kim Thanh High School, a school in a rural area of Hai Duong province, the author sees that students tend to have problems in using the English tenses in their writings.
The situation encourages the author to have An Investigation into the Errors in Verb-Tense Forms Found in Paragraph- Writing by the 10th-Form Students at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School. It is hoped that the results of this study will be useful for both teachers and students in teaching and learning writing skill in general and in improving paragraph-writing ability in particular. Objectives of the study The main objective of this study is to analyze students‟ errors in using English tenses and identify the sources of errors as taken from the students‟ writings as well as to provide some pedagogical implications for teaching English as a foreign language. The objectives of this study are: 1 z 1.
To describe the types of errors in verb-tense forms made by the 10th- grade students at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School as revealed in their writings. To describe the causes of errors in verb-tense forms. This study is carried out in the hope that teachers and students can define the student‟s common errors in verb-tense forms and adjust their way of teaching and learning this skill basing on the causes of these errors in order to obtain better results. Research Questions In order to achieve the above aims, two research questions are raised: 1.
What are the common verb-tense errors made by the 10th-form students at Kim Thanh Upper-Secondary School? 2. What are the causes of these errors according to the students’ self-reports? 4. Scope of the Study Due to the limited time and restricted scope of study of a minor thesis, this study only focuses on identifying a number of common errors in verb-tense forms committed by 10th-form students at Kim Thanh High School when they write paragraphs. Based on the discussions of the findings, some possible solutions will be introduced.
Method of the study In this study, the writer adopted mainly quantitative and qualitative research methods. Two main instruments were employed for data collection: students‟ written paragraphs and interviews. Specifically, 168 paragraphs, each of which is about 130-150 words in length, on four different topics were collected from 42 students of grade 10. Errors on verb tense forms were identified and classified into different categories.
Statistical counting was carried out to present the real picture of students' errors on verb tense forms. A face-to-face interview with individual students was conducted to find out the reasons students gave for the way they used the verb-tense forms in their written paragraphs. Design of the thesis The study consists of three parts, organized as follows: Part A – Introduction - gives basic information about the topic of this paper including the reason for choosing the topic, objectives, research questions, scope, method and significance of the study. An outline of the thesis is also mentioned in this chapter.
Part B - Development This part is composed of three chapters. Chapter 1- Literature Review - discusses the relevant theories related to errors, causes of errors, challenges of learning English verb tenses as well as theoretical foundation of error analysis. Chapter 2- Research Methodology - mentions the methodology employed to carry out the research. This includes a discussion of the participants, the setting, the data collection instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis.
Chapter 3- Data Analysis and Discussion - presents the findings and discussion of the findings. Part C- Conclusion- provides some practical suggestions to help teachers have effective methods in teaching writing skill. Some brief information about the limitations of the study and suggestions for further study will also be included. Significance of the study The study is significant for a variety of reasons.
From an academic level it allows for a highly useful demonstration regarding the learning and language skill abilities of students within the specified tenth grade class. This is important to assess the way that grammatical errors may occur as well as the way that they can be propagated despite instructors‟ efforts. The students‟ errors that are identified in this investigation are particular to those within a rural learning setting. The specific nature of their errors will allow for a differentiated understanding of the way that future evaluation regarding verb formation can be improved.
Such a value is further important based on the responses from a qualitative survey (the interview) regarding the student 3 z perspective on teaching style and their own aptitude for retention. The study would further be significant in detailing the way that rural students at the tenth grade level form cognitive application of the English language as well as the common themes or challenges in teaching this demographic. The overall significance of individual case reports within this area will create a highly valuable account of one particular community in Vietnam and can be seen as useful for gathering conclusions about other areas as well.