Rationale of the study The goal of learning a language, nowadays, is to be able to carry out effective communication. In another words, to learn a language means to learn the culture of the country where that language is spoken. One can have a wide range of vocabulary and a sound knowledge of grammar, but misunderstandings can still arise if we cannot apply pragmatic competence appropriately .Thus, it is necessary to have certain understandings of the culture where that language is spoken. Human communication is a combination of cooperation and understanding.
Understanding social conventions and attention to such concepts as politeness, and face, which are important to members in a particular culture, will certainly enable us to better comprehend the different ways of speaking by people from different cultures, thus helping eliminate ethnic stereotypes and misunderstandings. To have successful conversations, each interlocutor has to perform some conversational principles such as the cooperative and the politeness principles. Among them, politeness plays an important role in making utterances in communicative process. Evenly, it also contribute in helping speakers decide whether or not to produce the first pair part of the base sequence in order to avoid failure in communication everyday social life, people are sometimes invited to go somewhere or to do something.
Accepting an invitation is a delicate matter although it is much easier than declining as the latter is a face- threatening act. However, there are situations in which invites cannot avoid declining. Decline, as the word refusal itself, like other speech acts, occur in all languages. The speech act of refusal has been looked at by many researchers.
However, they are mainly based on literary works either published or uploaded in the internet and English speaking materials written by native speakers. This paper focuses on speech acts of invitation declining performed by native speakers of English and then compare them to those performed by Vietnamese native speakers. The research will first shed light on how learners think and react when declining invitation in cross-cultural. It aims to investigate the similarities and differences in English and Vietnamese to help the Vietnamese learners overcome the difficulties caused the interfere of two cultures when they face the sticky cases of declining invitations, create the tactfulness and flexibility in language use for both Vietnamese learners of English and English-speaking learners of Vietnamese with the maxim declared in a Vietnamese proverb: “Lời nói chẳng mất tiền mua/ Lựa lời mà nói cho vừa long nhau”.
(“You don’t have to buy words, so don’t let them hurt the feeling of others. It also helps to enhance and improve language communicative competence of Vietnamese learners of English. Furthermore, the study is a hope to give some reliable suggestions for teaching declining invitations in particular, and raise the importance of applying cross-cultural activities to teaching and learning English in Vietnam 2. Aims and objectives of the study • Find out the similarities and differences in the way Vietnamese and English speakers using hedge when declining an invitation.
• Help avoid potential cross-cultural conflicts between Vietnamese and English speakers, with focus on the proper use of hedging in invitation declining. • Helps to enhance and improve language communicative competence of Vietnamese learners of English • Give some suggestions on teaching hedging in the situations of invitation declining. What are the major similarities and differences in the ways native speakers of English and native speakers of Vietnamese using hedges to decline invitations? 2. Do social distance, relative power, and gender affect the choice of hedging strategies by native speakers of English and Vietnamese native speakers? 4.
Scope of the study The study focuses on speech acts of invitation declining performed by native speakers of English and then compare them to those performed by Vietnamese native speakers in order to investigate the similarities and differences between the two groups of participants under the light of cross-cultural perspective 5. Design of the study The thesis consists of three parts: Part A: Introductions, this part presents the overview of the thesis including rationale, aims and objectives, research questions, scope and design of the study Part B: Development, this part consists of four chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review, this chapter provides the theoretical background including speech act theory, politeness strategies, pragmatics and cross-cultural pragmatics Chapter 2: Methodology, this chapter focuses on presenting research participants, research procedure, data collection, as well as methods of analysis. Chapter 3: Findings and discussion, this chapter presents the results gained in survey questionnaires and observation and discusses the similarities and differences in how invitations speech acts are declined in English and Vietnamese as well as the influence of three variables to the choice of inviting forms of two groups of participants. Part C: Conclusions, this part summaries the major findings recorded during the making of the thesis, presents the limitations of the study, provides some suggestions for further research PART B: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.Generalization of speech acts 1.1 Definitions of speech acts J.
Austin takes the pioneering role in formulating the theory of speech acts. In his first book discussed in the theory of speech act entitled “How to do things with words (1962)”, he assumes that language not only functions as stating and describing things but also as performing acts. He gives examples that an apology or a promise conveys psychological or social practice and takes place at the right time when someone apologizes or promises, not before the actual action. He also points out that the declarative sentences are not only used to say things or describe states of affairs but also used to do things.
According to Austin, when people produce utterances, they often perform actions via those utterances. These actions are called speech acts: such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request.16) pointed out that : “the unit of linguistic communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of the speech act”. This is only expresses information through words but also performs certain functions such as promising, inviting, questing, wishing, etc… in everyday communication. In addition, in everyday use of language, the act may occur either before or after the utterance is produced.
An apology or an expression of congratulation belongs to the type of speech acts taking place after the propositional act. For example, in the utterance “I am so sorry, I broke your car”, the speaker expresses regret for a past act. On the contrary, a promise or a request is uttered before the act actually occurs, as in “I’ll pay you back tomorrow”. The action of paying money is done after the speaker produces the utterance.15) defines that a speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication.
Some examples are an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word such as "No" to perform a refusal or several words or sentences such as: "I' m sorry, I can't, I’ll be on duty this weekend". It is important to mention that speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture. Socio-cultural variables like authority, social distance, and situational setting influence the appropriateness and effectiveness of politeness strategies used to realize directive speech acts such as requests Yule (1996, p.47), another famous linguist, defines that "in attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform actions via those utterances." According to him, actions performed via utterances are speech acts.
In daily communication, people perform speech acts when they offer an apology, greeting, complaint, invitation, compliment or refusal. Since people often do more things with words than merely convey what words encode, speech acts have to be seen from real-life interactions. For example: “Could you open the window” is a request more than a question. In the same way, when a student talks to his friend, “ We’re having a party on Saturday evening and wanted to know if you’d like to join us” is an invitation more than a question.
Moreover, speech acts require not only knowledge of any languages but also the culture of the country where this language is use. For examples in Vietnamese when we utter: “Where are you going?” means we are greeting the people we meet.2 Classification of speech acts According to Austin (1962), a speaker can perform three acts: • Locutionary act: the act of saying something in the full sense of “say” • Illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something • Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or as a result of saying For instance, in a response to A’s statement “I am gonna marry her in the next 2 months”, B utters “Are you kidding me? How come? Way too fast” to make a question. This is known as illocutionary act. However, this utterance conveys the assumption that the hearer A will recognize it as a signal of disagreement.
This is generally known as perlocutionary act. Searl (1965), basing on the speakers’ intention, presents one of the most influential and widely used classifications of speech acts. His classification consists of five broad types, namely: • Representatives (Assertives): commit the speaker to something being the case such as assertions, reports, conclusions, descriptions, etc… Exercise may be just as good as medication to treat heart disease • Directives: the speaker gets the hearer to do something. This class includes order, request, challenge, invite, etc… Would you like some coffee? • Commisieves: commit the speaker himself to some future action such as promise, refusal, threat, swear, etc… I swear I don’t know what to tell her.
• Expressives: express feelings and attitudes about a state of affairs such as apology, compliment, thanks, etc… I sincerely thank for your help. • Declaratives: change the world via utterance. This includes many of those which Austin first considered as performatives You aren't lazy. According to Yule (1996), there is one general classification system that lists five types of general functions performed by speech acts including declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, and commissives.
He also presents a table showing speech acts classification as follows: Speech act types Direction of fit S=speaker X=situation Declarations words change the world S causes X Representatives makes words fits the world S believes X Expressives makes words fits the world S feels X Directives make the world fits words S wants X Commissives make the world fits words S intends X 1.1 Politeness strategies Politeness is one of the most important aspects of human communication. In English, politeness may be described as a form of behavior which is exercised in order to consolidate and promote relationship between individuals or, at least, to keep it undamaged. According to Leech (1983), politeness means to minimize the effect of impolite statement or expression (negative politeness) and maximize the effects of polite illocutions (positive politeness). Early work on politeness by Goffman (1967,p.
77) describes politeness as “the appreciation an individual shows to another through avoidance or presentation of rituals”. Lakoff (1973) suggests that if one wants to succeed in communication, the message must be conveyed in a clear manner. Fraser and Nolan (1981) define politeness as a set of constraints of verbal behavior while Leech (1983) sees it as forms of behavior aimed at creating and maintaining harmonious interaction. He also considers the Politeness Principle as part of the principles for interpersonal rhetoric.
He presents six maxims for the Politeness Principle (Leech 1983, pp. 132-139): • Tact maxim: Minimize cost to other. Maximize benefit to other • Generosity maxim: Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self.
• Approbation maxim: Minimize dispraise of other. Maximize dispraise of self. • Modesty maxim: Minimize praise of self. Maximize praise of other.
• Agreement maxim: Minimize disagreement between self and other.