An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Ngo Lien Thao Tran Tien Khoa Nguyen Van Phuong International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Vietnam Abstract Small medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have been playing a crucial role in enhancing the economic development and growth in most countries. The ways in which SMEs recognize their entrepreneurial opportunities need to be investigated. This paper aims to explore different patterns in the processes of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition from SMEs’ founders. The study adopts qualitative method and conducts 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with the founders of currently operating SMEs to identify opportunity for entrepreneurship in Vietnam.
As the result, a successful process of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition requires an aggregation of prior knowledge and network ties which have been nurtured for years before, along with the employment on either or both use of entrepreneurial alertness and market analysis. This study proves that possessing an ability to analyze the market is as much important as staying alert toward opportunities. Besides, a level of creativity of entrepreneurs will be triggered to respond to situations in which the entrepreneurial opportunities arise. However, founders of SMEs generate more adaptive style of creativity than innovative one since being market driven.
Keywords: opportunity recognition; entrepreneurship; SMEs 654 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Introduction SMEs are an important part of an economy and bring undeniable welfare to the society. In Vietnam, they account for 97% of total enterprises, of which nearly 60% are small-sized enterprises (General Statistics Office, 2017). The Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2015 survey jointly made by attempt of Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) along the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) also presented the similar figures: Among the 8,335 domestic private enterprises responding to the PCI survey, 97.3% are small and medium sized. Within such diverse business environment, SMEs are the engine of economic growth in the emerging markets and significantly contribute to national development.
SMEs in Vietnam occupy more than 40% of gross domestic product (GDP), contribute 31% to the total national budget and provide more than 50% of total employment (Oxford Business Group, 2017). Moreover, SMEs’ contribution to social welfare security and poverty reduction in Vietnam has been widely acknowledged. SMEs are not only major sources of employment opportunity, but also foster productivity and make the environment become more dynamic and competitive (Audretsch, Thurik, Verheul & Wennekers, 2002; Westhead, Uchasaran, & Wright, 2009). Detecting and electing the appropriate opportunities are the vital activities to help create successful businesses (Stevenson, Roberts, & Grousbeck, 1985).
During last 20 years, many scholars have conducted numerous researches about opportunity recognition and development from a variety of theoretical perspectives and numerous aspects like business, sociology, psychology, and economics. They highly contributed to the understanding of this field; however, opportunity recognition has borne differences and conflicts causing the inhomogeneity (Ardichvili, Cardozo, & Ray, 2003). One of the reasons is that each solely focuses on only one of the various elements affecting the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunity. For example, Gaglio and Katz (2001) look into the entrepreneurial alertness involved in opportunity recognition in terms of social psychology, while Shane (2000) concentrates on the essential prior experience and knowledge for successful recognition, then Dyer, Gregersen, and Christensen (2008) investigate the impact of innovation on opportunity.
The fact that scholars pay attention to specific elements ensue many full-scale studies about singular factors while neglecting an overview of all equally crucial elements and how they may engage together in the same subject of study. Furthermore, there is little agreement on the main notions used to identify and operationalize the process (Hansen, Shrader, & Monllor, 2011). Vagueness around how founders of SMEs recognize opportunities for their business growth still appears in academic research, especially when SMEs are now confronting the fast-paced transformation of technology and the world economic integration (Thai & Chong, 2008). Disclosure of the complex developing process of opportunities recognition is the central section of entrepreneurship research (Venkataraman, 1997).
This study is dedicated to focus on the phenomenon of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition by founders of SMEs at the initial start phrase of their business venture in the area of Ho Chi Minh City. In terms of academic, this paper seeks to explore and contribute a throughout the process of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition by SMEs. In term of practical application, this paper shows what SMEs need to have in hands and how potential entrepreneurs can recognize opportunities that can turn into a profitable business by raising deeper knowledge about determinants to opportunity recognition and its related process. Literature review Entrepreneurial opportunity and opportunity-related process For many years, researchers have been disputing what genuinely institutes an entrepreneurial opportunity.
They brought about a broad category of different notions, sometimes ambiguous or even conflicting, which 655 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.enterprises gives rise to a substantial extent of variety in prospects (McMullen, Plummer, & Acs, 2007). For instance, entrepreneurial opportunity has been identified as an idea (Davidsson, Hunter, & Klofsten, 2006), as an unexploited project (Casson & Wadeson, 2007), or a potential venture or business form (DeTienne & Chandler, 2007), or a realistic endeavor (DeCarolis & Saparito, 2006; Mueller, 2007). The business opportunity is considered as an objective occurrence which is outward to SMEs and derives from the extraneous environment (Shane, 2003). In contrast, some defines opportunity as a subjective happening inseparably connect with and spring from the individual’s own perception and activities (Edelman, & Yli-Renko, 2010; Sarason, Dean, & Dillard, 2006).
And other scholars have suggested an argument that business world offers multitudinous types of opportunity (Alvarez & Barney, 2007; Sarasvathy, Dew, Velamuri, & Venkataraman, 2003). Additionally, opportunity recognition calls for not only the opportunity itself but also the discovering process operated by the related person. While some have expressed opportunity is a sequel of fortuitous findings (Long & McMullan, 1984), others have said that the opportunity-related process would come clear (Bhave, 1994; de Koning, 1999), after a meticulous searching effort (Fiet, Piskounov, & Patel, 2005). In the same vein, Baumol (1993) says that in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunity, a process to detect new means- ends relationships must be set up by a given change.
That also means entrepreneurs have to analyze and brainstorm (Gaglio & Katz, 2001), like a cognitive process (Baron, 2004). Besides, the process which leads one to opportunity has been identically considered as a process which one generates creativity (Ardichvili, Cardozo, & Ray, 2003; Dimov, 2007; Hansen & Hills, 2004), or as an extraordinary action to solve a particular problem (Harper, 2008). For instance, some operationalize business opportunity as a recently novel idea subject (DeTienne & Chandler, 2007), while the rest operationalize it as the demand from the market for a product or service that have potential to solve a particular problem (Eckhardt & Ciuchta, 2006). In some circumstances, certain entrepreneurs possess the competence to sense and spot or even create opportunities (DeTienne & Chandler, 2007; Kolvereid & Isaksen, 2006).
Or some others have an innate trait like alertness, a special individual competency to detect opportunistic situations (Busenitz, 1996; Ozgen & Baron, 2007). Determinants affecting the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition With the objective to recognize opportunity and start a venture formation, SMEs must proactively involve in entrepreneurial activities from scratch. Founders of SMEs are likely perceived as entrepreneurs in the process of pursuing new business and profit which will lead to enterprise formation (DeTienne & Chandler, 2007; Gilmore, 2011). Approaching from the behavioral aspect of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial opportunity search includes knowledge, alertness, intuition, creativity and social interaction.
By searching the pattern of adopted activities of owners, the process evolves into opportunity recognition. Since the more turbulent and complicated the marketplace is, the more opportunities entrepreneurs are granted; entrepreneurial opportunity recognition may also come into existence from a complex series of phenomena with different distinct parts such as innovative insight, idea exploration, informal evaluation and concept development (Webb, Ireland, Hitt, Kistruck, & Tihanyi, 2011). Or through the argument by Ardichvili, Cardozo, and Ray (2003), entrepreneurs undergo a process from observing underemployed resource or market need to disclosing a ‘match’ between specific market need and certain resources; then formulating a fresh ‘match’ between the need and resources in the specific context of their businesses. And the main determinants influencing the above processes as well as contributors to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition that are in need of further exploration include prior knowledge, entrepreneurial alertness, market analysis, creativity, network ties and situational elements.
Prior knowledge Knowledge plays an indispensable role to reach any sound and substantial decision-making as well as to spot business opportunities. Shane (2000) claims that because of prior knowledge, owners can perceive the 656 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.enterprises value of new information, which leads them to the recognition of new opportunity. Venkataraman (1997) also declares that entrepreneurs recognize opportunities which are concordant with information that they have already possessed. Since information is developed through singular life experiences, everyone owns different stocks of knowledge and information.
It is believed that distinctive pack of prior knowledge can form a “knowledge corridor,” which enables one to spot some certain opportunities instead of the rest (Venkataraman 1997). Shane (2000) claims that there are three main aspects of prior knowledge which are customer problems, principles of the markets, and the means to benefit from the markets. In another way of classification, two types of prior knowledge are postulated by Sigrist (1999). The first is knowledge in a field of entrepreneurs’ special interest so that they will spend a tremendous amount of time and effort learning, which helps advance and deepen their abilities, thereby gain esoteric knowledge in that specified field.
The other type of knowledge, which is a result of rational choice, will be accumulated over the years, while owners constantly work in a certain job. Whether derived from education or working experience or by fluke and any other ways, prior information makes a huge difference in the ability of entrepreneurs to obtain, interpret and make the most of new information in the way which those in short of that prior information cannot duplicate (Roberts, 1991). Based on Austrian economists, the key to open, the entrepreneurial opportunity is within the combination of knowledge and alertness (Murphy, 2011; Vaghely & Julien, 2010). As mentioned, when and where disequilibrium between market needs and the means to satisfy those needs arises, opportunities are just around the corner.
For such reason, the Austrian believes that alert individuals can gain new opportunities when their knowledge about market needs to be aligned with knowledge about the means to meet those needs (Kirzner, 1997; Shane, 2000). However, even though numerous empirical evidence embodies that prior experience have a substantial influence on the process of opportunity recognition and development, some entrepreneurs still successfully sense and go after opportunities that they possess no related prior experience before (Cooper, 1990). Entrepreneurial alertness Kirzner (1979, 1985), who is the first one to present the term ‘alertness’ into the entrepreneurship literature, describes it as “the ability to notice, without search, opportunities that have been hitherto overlooked” or as “a motivated propensity of man to formulate an image of the future.” It is implied in the first interpretation that one can spot opportunities even when the person doesn’t intentionally seek for those. In fact, when individuals possess high alertness, they may experience “passive search,” a condition in which they are sensible of opportunities, without conducting any formal, systematic search.
On the other hand, the second interpretation means ability to “connect the dots” that empowers one to notice the nexus among the changes or turbulence in the marketplace and to perceive those as significant, regardless the fact that the cause and effect of opportunity at the moment are not evident yet (Leff Bonney, & Williams, 2009). Therefore, the comprehensive dimension of alertness can be determined as the capacity of entrepreneurs to generate a holistic depiction of the surrounding marketplace by assembling all of its constituents and knowing their meanings (Endsley, 1995).