VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES *** NGUYEN THI BAO TRAN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILL TO YOUNG LEARNERS AT VUS-ETSC: PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A Thesis in Master of Arts Major: TESOL Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor NGUYEN THAI AN, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, 2010 1 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: TEACHING SPEAKING SKILL TO YOUNG LEARNERS AT VUS-ETSC: PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS in terms of the statements of Requirements for Thesis in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee HoChiMinh City, January, 2010 NGUYEN THI BAO TRAN 2 RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyen Thi Bao Tran, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library. In terms of these conditions I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purposes of the study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan or reproduction of theses. Ho Chi Minh City, January, 2010 NGUYEN THI BAO TRAN 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Mr.
Nguyen Thai An, for his patient guidance encouragement and valuable advice throughout my research. Without his help, I could not have finished the thesis. I owe a great deal to all my lecturers for their helpful instructions during the Master course at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities. I would like to thank all the teachers and students at Vietnam USA Society Training Service (VUS) for their help and co- cooperation completing the questionnaire.
Last but not least, my sincere thanks go to my family, my friends, and my colleagues whose support has been especially important to the success of my educational endeavors. 4 ABSTRACT Language helps us convey information to other people. It allows us to represent the external world to one another: the people, places, things, actions and events that we can observe. In the time of globalization nowadays, the definition of language has changed.
It is not the language that people have to master the aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary to pass the exams or to fulfill the school’s requirements, but it is the ability to communicate effectively. This thesis, therefore, aims to identify the problems and solutions to develop the speaking skill for Vietnamese learners, especially young learners in Vietnam USA Society Training Service Center (VUS-ETSC) where teaching and learning of English are much concerned with the spoken form. As an effort to identify the problems, a survey was carried out to investigate students’ learning experience, their awareness as well as their expectation towards the speaking skill of English in VUS. The findings from the survey included students’ passive English learning experience with little or no participation to oral practice both inside and outside the classroom, low motivation in learning affected by ineffective teaching methods and inappropriate curriculum in VUS nowadays.
It was also found out that although most learners seem to lack confidence in expressing their own opinions, they have high expectation of speaking practice at school in preparation for their future careers or higher study. In consideration of students’ prior and existing grammatical and semantic knowledge in light of student-centered approach, the thesis came up with suggestions and implications of practical techniques and strategies for VUS teachers to help develop the students’ oral competence in the context of 5 communicative and cooperative learning. These suggestions and implications include techniques to build up students’ confidence as well as their learning motivation, application of conversational strategies, techniques to vary communicative activities in a cooperative learning environment, classroom management skills, techniques to select supplementary teaching materials and ways of testing or assessment. The thesis is written in view of looking for better changes in the teaching and learning of English in VUS in particular and in other foreign language centers which are in similar circumstances.
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality. i Retention and use of the thesis. iv Table of contents. vi List of tables.
x List of abbreviations. xi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1. The rationale of the study. General background to the study.
Purposes of the study. Overview of the thesis. Significance of the study. Limitations of the study.
7 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. The nature of speaking. Types of speaking. The role of speaking in second language acquisition.
The nature of second language acquisition (SLA). The role of speaking in SLA. The overview of communicative competence. The overview about young learners.
The characteristics of young learners. The nature of oral communication. Factors influencing young learners’ oral communication. Kinds of motivation.
Factors affecting second language learners’ motivation. The importance of interaction in oral classroom. Factors affecting the success of the classroom interaction. Variety in learning activities.
Students’ participation opportunities. Feedback and correction. Approaches applied in teaching speaking English to young learners. The roles of the teacher and students.
The learner-centered approach (LCT). The roles of the teachers and students. The total physical response (TPR). The interference of the first language in second language acquisition.
Implications for teaching speaking skill to young learners. Characteristics of subjects. The final oral test .42 Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4. Teachers’ viewpoints about the teaching and learning at VUS.
Students’ responses to the questionnaires. Students’ viewpoints about the teaching and learning at VUS. Students’ learning experience. Students’ attitudes and expectation of speaking English.
Students’ preferences in English classes. Students’ results in the Final oral exam. 63 Chapter 5: IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5. Implications for motivation.
Games in the English speaking classroom. Helping students gain confidence. Dealing with introverts. Learning active vocabulary.
Applying learning vocabulary to speaking .1 English sounds without equivalents. Unvoiced explosive endings. Word stress and changes in pronunciation. Dealing with the overusing of mother tongue.
Using pictures effectively. The interaction between teachers and students. Dealing with wandering minds. 104 APPENDIX 1: Questionnaires for teachers at VUS – ETSC (in English) .111 APPENDIX 2: Questionnaires for students at VUS – ETSC (in Vietnamese).117 APPENDIX 3: Games for English Speaking Activities .122 APPENDIX 4: Games for learning Vocabulary.
127 APPENDIX 5:Warm-up Activities .131 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Teachers’ viewpoint about American Headway Book. 43 Table 2: Teachers’ activities in speaking classes at VUS. 44 Table 3: Teachers’ difficulties in teaching speaking English at VUS. 46 Table 4: Reasons for the students’ difficulties in speaking English.
48 Table 5: Reasons for teachers’ unequal attention to students. 49 Table 6: Teachers’ problems in using pictures. 50 Table 7: Teachers’ difficulties in using warm-ups. 50 Table 8: Activities to improve students’ speaking skill.
51 Table 9: Activities to motivate students in learning speaking English. 51 Table 10: Teachers’ correction. 53 Table 11: Students’ viewpoint about the benefit of learning English at VUS. 53 Table 12: Students’ viewpoint about learning English at VUS.
54 Table 13: Activities in English speaking classes. 55 Table 14: Students’ participation in English speaking activities. 57 Table 15: Students’ listening comprehension. 58 Table 16: Students’ reasons for little participation in speaking activities.
59 Table 17: Students’ reasons for learning English. 60 Table 18: Students’ preferences in English speaking classes. 60 Table 19: The final oral exam results. 62 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VUS-ETSC/VUS: Vietnam USA Society Training Service Center SLA: Second Language Acquisition EFL: English as a Foreign Language ELT: English Language Teaching CLT: Communicative Approach LCT: Learner- Centered Approach TPR: Total Physical Response L1: The mother tongue L2: Second language 12 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study aims to investigate the teaching and learning English speaking skill at Vietnam USA Society English Training Service System Center (VUS-ETSC).
A survey was conducted at VUS with 250 students chosen at random to explore their learning experience, their awareness as well as their expectation towards the learning of English at VUS. The study then, based on the findings, pointed out the causes why most students can not express themselves freely and naturally in English, and then came up with practical suggestions to help develop students’ speaking skill. The rationale of the study Today the world is undergoing a rapid change which is caused by globalization process. This process affects all spheres of human activities, in which communication takes the most decisive and basic role for the success of others such as culture, politics and education.
Along with this, the language that plays the most essential scale is English. The need of the world leads to the increase in the demand for English study. Therefore, learners of English nowadays not only learn the language itself but also the ability to communicate effectively with people of different backgrounds and cultures. In other words, we call it communication competence, which involves communication values and motives, the knowledge of the language, communication and intercultural norms, behaviors and traditions, communication management skills and reflection skills.
With such importance, teaching staff at VUS-ETSC have felt an urge to apply newest methods in teaching, especially in speaking, which is considered the most difficult communicative language skill. It has been widely recognized that speaking, particularly in a second or foreign language, is the most difficult to teach and learn. Speaking is the productive skill in 1 2 the oral mode. It is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words.
If we are to improve speaking skill, we must become more aware of not only the language but also ourselves, our motivations, our behaviors, the audience’s psychology, and their reactions to the speaker’s faults and omissions. To put it differently, it requires learners to master many complicated factors that can not be omitted if a person wants to communicate efficiently. Having been a teacher of English as a foreign language for several years, I realize that many young learners face many difficulties in mastering this skill of language. They can not retain what they have learned for a long time, but encounter obstacles to put the language into practice or even get bored and have no interest at all.
We, as English teachers, should find ways to help our learners overcome difficulties and improve their communicative speaking skill so that they can find the lessons enjoyable as well as have more motives for further study. General background to the study This section is a brief description of Vietnam USA Society English Training Service System Center (VUS-ETSC), English courses and the course book at this center. Its purpose is to provide the background information essential for an understanding of the issues discussed in this study. VUS-ETSC has been in operation since 1997 and has been one of the most popular foreign language centers in Ho Chi Minh City with over 300 teachers including foreign and Vietnamese teachers.
The English training program has been the cooperation with the City University of New York (CUNY). VUS-ETSC offers classes at all levels for children, teenagers and adults. The teenagers’ program is called Young Leaders programs and organized at six levels named Y1 (Young 1), Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y10, Y11, Y12 with the duration of 10 weeks for each level. The teenagers who I am focusing on are around the ages from 10 to 16, studying at Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 and Y5, most of whom have finished English classes for children.