A page like the one below is found near the beginning of each chapter. It shows you how to use a reading skill that will help you understand what you read. Before Reading Before you read the chapter, read the Build Background page and think about how to answer the question. Recall what you already know as you answer the question.
Work with a partner to make a list of what you already know. Then read the How to Read Science page. Target Reading Skill Each page has one target reading skill. The reading skill corresponds with a process skill in the Directed Inquiry activity on the facing page.
The reading skill will be Compare and Contrast useful as you read science. When you compare things, you tell how they are alike. When you contrast things, you tell how they are different. • Words and phrases such as similar, like, all, both, or in Real-World Connection the same way are clues that things are being compared.
Each page has an example of • Words and phrases such as different, unlike, or in a different way are clues that things are being contrasted. something you might read. It Magazine Article also connects with the Directed Inquiry activity. Ben and Misha both collect rocks.
Ben prefers brightly colored rocks. He is a member of a rock hunters club that goes on collecting trips. Misha has a different way of collecting his Graphic Organizer favorite kinds of rocks—fossil rocks. His uncle sends Misha fossil rocks from all around the world.
Unlike Ben, Misha just A useful strategy for has to make a trip to his mailbox to add to his collection. understanding anything you read is to make a graphic Apply It! Different Alike Different organizer. A graphic organizer You can use a can help you think about the graphic organizer as a model to show Ben Misha information and how parts of how things compare it relate to each other. Each and contrast.
Use a graphic organizer to show ways that Ben and Misha reading skill has a graphic are alike and different in the way they collect rocks. 197 xx Properties of Minerals Mineral Color Luster Streak Hardness Mica Mica breaks black, pearly on white can be into flaky gray, surfaces scratched Test Prep pieces green, with a knife Choose the letter that best completes the when struck. Predict Which would dry faster statement or answers the question. after it rains: a sandy beach or 17.
All rocks contain a grassy field? Give a reason for Molybdenite A loam. This mineral is silvery metallic bluish can be B minerals. one of the gray scratched C water. Model Make a model or a strongest and with a most commonly fingernail drawing that shows the different D sediments.
used heat-resistant layers of soil. In what rocks are fossils most 15. Infer You observe that a mineral often found? Crocoite sample can be scratched with a F sedimentary Much of this reddish- very orange- can be coin. What do you infer about the G igneous mineral orange shiny yellow scratched hardness of the mineral? H metamorphic comes from with a Australia.
coin I all of the above Compare 19. The layer of soil just below the and Contrast topsoil is Another way to identify a mineral is to test its hardness. Make a graphic organizer like A loam. Some minerals, such as talc, are so soft you can scratch the one below.
Fill it in to compare B decayed matter. them with your fingernail. The hardest mineral is diamond. and contrast sandy soil and C rock.
It can be scratched only by another diamond. Some minerals can be identified by their appearance. Sandy Both types Clay 20. Gold, for example, appears sometimes in nugget form.
soil of soil soil Persuasive Write a letter to Other minerals can be identified by taste, smell, or touch. a member of a city council that discusses why rich farmland 1. What are ways to identify minerals? is valuable to everyone in the community. Compare and Contrast How are rocks and minerals alike? How are they different? Use a graphic organizer to show your answer.
203 215 During Reading After Reading As you read the lesson, use After you have read the chapter, the Checkpoint to check your think about what you found out. Some Exchange ideas with a partner. checkpoints ask you to Compare the list you made use the target reading skill. before you read the chapter with what you learned by reading it.
Answer the questions in the Chapter Review. One question uses the target reading skill. Graphic Organizers These are the target reading skills that appear with their graphic organizers. Cause and Effect Draw Conclusions Compare and Contrast Summarize Main Idea Sequence and Details Make Inferences Predict xxi Scientists use process skills when they investigate places or events.
You will use these skills when you do the activities in this book. Which process skills might scientists use when they investigate weather? A scientist who studies weather observes many things. You use your senses too to find out about other objects, events, or living things. Scientists classify clouds according to their properties.
When you classify, you arrange or sort objects, events, or living things. Scientists estimate how much rain will fall. Then they use tools to measure how much rain fell. xxii Scientists infer what they think is happening during a storm, based on what they already know.
Scientists predict how weather will change. Then people know how to get ready for the change. Scientists make and use models such as pictures and maps. Models are like real events in some ways, but are different in other ways.
Scientists can use what they know to make operational definitions about what they observe during a storm. xxiii Think of a statement that you can test to solve a problem or answer a question about storms or other If you were a scientist, you might want to kinds of weather. learn more about storms. What questions might you have about storms? How would you use process skills in your investigation? As scientists observe storms, they investigate and experiment to test a hypothesis.
As scientists perform an experiment, they identify and control the variables so that they test only one thing at a time. xxiv Scientists collect data from their observations of weather. They put the data into charts or tables. Scientists use the information they collected to solve problems or answer questions.
Scientists use words, pictures, charts, and graphs to share information about their investigation. xxv Scientists use scientific methods as they work. Scientific methods are organized ways to answer questions and solve problems. Scientific methods include the steps shown here.
Scientists might not use all the steps. They might not use the steps in this order. You will use scientific methods when you do the Full Inquiry activity at the end of each unit. You also will use scientific methods when you do Science Fair Projects.
What material is You might have a question best for keeping heat in water? about something you observe. State your hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer to your question. If I wrap the jar in fake fur, then the water will stay warmer.
Identify and control variables. Variables are things that can change. For a fair test, you choose just one variable to change. Keep all other Test other materials.
Put the same variables the same. amount of warm water in other jars that are the same size and shape. xxvi Test your hypothesis. Make a plan to test your hypothesis.
Collect materials and tools. Then follow your plan. Collect and record your data. Keep good records of what you do and find out.
Use tables and pictures to help. Interpret your data. Organize your notes and records to make them clear. Make diagrams, charts, or graphs to help.
State your conclusion. Your conclusion is a decision you make based on your data. Communicate Atmosphere what you found out. Tell whether or not your data supported your hypothesis.
Fake fur did the best job of keeping the water warm. Use what you learn. Think of new questions to test or better ways to do a test. xxvii cientists use many different kinds of tools.
Tools can make objects appear larger. They can help you measure volume, temperature, length distance, and mass. Tools can help you figure out amounts and analyze your data. Tools can also help you find the latest scientific information.
You should use safety goggles to protect your eyes. You use a thermometer to measure temperature. Many thermometers have both Fahrenheit and Celsius You can use a telescope to scales. Scientists usually help you see things that are use only the Celsius scale.
very far away, such as stars and planets. A hand lens doesn’t enlarge Binoculars make things as much as far-away objects a microscope does, appear larger, so but it is easier to you can see more carry. of their details. xxviii Scientists use rulers and metersticks to measure length and distance.
A balance like this one can be used to measure mass. Microscopes use several lenses to make objects appear much larger, so you can see more detail. xxix Magnets can be used to test if an object is made of certain metals such as iron. Pictures taken with a camera record what something looks like.
You can compare pictures of the same object to show how the object might have changed. A graduated cylinder Calipers can be can be used to measure used to measure the volume, or the amount of width of an object. space an object takes up. You can figure amounts using a calculator.
Scientists use computers in many ways, such as collecting, recording, and analyzing data. You can talk into a sound recorder to record information you want to remember. xxx A spring scale measures the force of gravity on an object. It is a type of force meter.
Clocks and stopwatches are used for measuring time. Hot plates are often used by scientists as a heat source in experiments. Collecting nets are used by scientists who study living A microscope uses several lenses to things. They are used to collect make objects appear much larger, so organisms.
you can see more detail. xxxi ou need to be careful when doing science activities. This page includes safety tips to remember: Listen to your teacher’s instructions. Read each activity carefully.
Never taste or smell materials unless your teacher tells you to. Wear safety goggles when needed. Handle scissors and other equipment carefully. Keep your work place neat and clean.
Clean up spills immediately. Tell your teacher immediately about accidents or if you see something that looks unsafe. Wash your hands well after every activity. xxxii ways parts of a plant help it survive.
different types of plants. different ways plants make more plants. that plants have changed over time. 1 system coniferous pollinate seed leaf germinate 2 Chapter 1 Vocabulary system page 8 deciduous deciduous page 14 pollinate page 15 coniferous page 16 seed leaf page 20 germinate page 20 seedling page 20 fossil page 22 extinct page 23 seedling fossil extinct 3 Explore How are plants alike and different? Materials What to Do Observe each plant with a hand lens.
Notice the characteristics of their leaves grass and roots. root radish Look for the places where the leaves grow from the stems of the plants. hand lens Look at the roots that grow from the stems of the plants. You used your observations to root explain how the Explain Your Results plants are alike Use what you observed to explain how and different.
the two plants are alike and different. 4 Compare and Contrast Knowing how to compare and contrast can help you understand what you read and the things you observe. • We compare when we say how things are alike.