MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES PHAM THI KIM YEN TEACHING ENGLISH ARTICLES TO VIETNAMESE LEARNERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS: DIFFICULTIES AND IMPLICATIONS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TESOL M. THESIS IN TESOL Ho Chi Minh City, November 2002 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES PHAM THI KIM YEN TEACHING ENGLISH ARTICLES TO VIETNAMESE LEARNERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS: DIFFICULTIES AND IMPLICATIONS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TESOL MA THESIS IN TESOL Code number: 5. 02 Supervisor: NGUYEN VIET THU, M. Ho Chi Minh City, November 2002 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: TEACHING ENGLISH ARTICLES TO VIETNAMESE LEARNERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS: DIFFICULTIES AND IMPLICATIONS in terms of the statement of Requirements for Theses in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee.
The thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree. Ho Chi Minh City December 2002 PHAM THI KIM YEN RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, PHAM THI KIM YEN, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the University Library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the University Library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan or reproduction of theses. Ho Chi Minh City December 2002 PHAM THI KIM YEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thesis could not have been done and completed without the help and co- operation of those who now deserve my heartfelt thanks.
First I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Ms. Nguyen Viet Thu, M. who has critically read the thesis and offered valuable comments at various points in its development in an attempt to ensure that I make sense most of the time. Her intelligent questions led me to the present direction of the thesis.
I am grateful to Dr Nguyen Luong Ngoc, Dean of English department of Ton Duc Thang University for his clues to my initial thoughts of the thesis. His concerns about Vietnamese learners’ difficulties caused by negative transfers from their native language to English acquisition inspired me to the thesis. I am grateful as well to Ms. Pho Phuong Dung, M.
for her valuable information and comments on the format of the thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to the organizers of this master course and other staff members of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities – HCM, who were in charge of the course and granted me permission to conduct the thesis. I would like to thank all those who allowed themselves to be interviewed and polled for the interview sessions, the questionnaire responses and the test performance. Last but not least important, thanks must go to my husband for his support and encouragement while I was doing this thesis.
My affection must also go to my son. ABSTRACT Vietnamese learners of English at the pre-intermediate level have difficulties with article use though they have made effort to learn it. According to most of them, the article is used to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, already mentioned or not. They rarely choose articles with the treatment of the context.
The thesis attempts to investigate the current condition of teaching and learning articles at secondary schools in HCMC and to explore difficulties with articles facing learners in order to diagnose these difficulties. Accordingly, some solutions will be suggested to help them overcome their difficulties. Data were collected through an interview, a control test, a questionnaire and a pilot test. The interview was conducted with eight teachers of English at Nguyen Gia Thieu Secondary School (NGTSS) to discover how they taught English articles.
The control test and the questionnaire were designed to ask 160 randomly selected pupils at this school to investigate how they learnt the article and what difficulties with articles they faced. The pilot test was administered to these learners in order to confirm whether they got progressed after they had participated in 30 class-hour experimental article learning. The study concludes that Vietnamese learners’ lack of competence in article rules and transfers from their L1 knowledge to English acquisition are the causes of their difficulties with articles. Their use of articles out of the context is another cause of their difficulties though the semantic-syntactic context is the most important in article use to achieve communicative purposes since communicative tasks enable learners to apply article rules contextually.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .2 Background to the Study .3 The purposes of the Study .4 Overview of the Thesis Chapters. 06 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 The English Article System .1 The Nature of Articles .2 The Kinds of Articles .3 The Functions of Articles .4 Number and Countability of Common Nouns .5 Semantic Functions of the Article in Expressing Specificity and Genericity of Nouns in Contexts .1 The Use of Articles in Relation to Nouns .2 The Influence of the Context on Article Choice.3 Genericity of Nouns .4 Specificity of Nouns.6 The Use of Articles before Proper Nouns .7 Syntactic Aspects in the Use of Articles .8 Teaching English Articles .9 Errors in English Articles Made by EFL Learners .2 The Vietnamese Classifier System .1 The Term “Classifier” in Vietnamese. The Nature of Classifiers .3 The Position of Classifiers .4 The Kinds of Classifiers .5 The Functions of Classifiers .6 Number and Countability of Nouns .7 Semantic Aspects of Classifiers (Genericity and Specificity).1 The Use of Classifiers in Relation to Nouns.2 Specificity of Nouns.3 Genericity of Nouns .3 Similarities and Differences between the Use of Articles and Classifiers in Implying Specificity and Genericity of Nouns .1 The Purposes of the Thesis .2 The Research Question and Hypotheses .5 The Data Collecting Instruments. 39 Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Teachers’ Remarks on the Article Teaching 40 4.2 Teachers’ Ways of Article Teaching.3 Summary and Comments on the Article Teaching.
The Control Test.1 Sentence Gap-filling .2 Text Gap-filling .3 Number and Countability of Nouns .2 Vietnamese- English Translation .3 Summary and Comments on the CT Performance .1 Lack of Competence in Article Rules .2 Negative Transfers from L1 to L2 .1 Difficulties with Articles Compared with Other Grammatical Points 57 4.2 Learners’ Knowledge of the Article.4 learners’ Use of Articles and Nouns.5 Similarities and Differences between the Use of Articles and Classifiers in Implying Nouns .6 Summary and Comments on the Article Learning .4 The Pilot Test .1 Countability of Nouns .1 Identification of Article Use in Given Statements .2 Conversation Gap-filling .3 Vietnamese – English Translation .3 Summary and Comments on the PL Performance. 72 Chapter 5: IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION. 94 Appendix B: CONTROL TEST. 95 Appendix C: RESULTS OF THE CONTROL TEST.
105 Appendix E: RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE. 108 Appendix F: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION. 110 Appendix G: PILOT TEST. 111 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Page Table 1.
86 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 1. EFL English as a Foreign Language 2. NGTSS Nguyen Gia Thieu Secondary School 5. FGD Focus Group Discussion 6.
CT Control Test 7. PT Pilot Test 8. HCMC Ho Chi Minh City 9. * Errors in articles “The” is the word that hammers importance onto rigid fact and fixes to it the burden of being absolute.
(Extracted from a poem by Roy Hink, 1979) Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This study is to investigate the current condition of teaching and learning English articles at the pre-intermediate level1 in order to identify Vietnamese learners’ difficulties with articles at this level. Accordingly, some solutions to these difficulties may be suggested. The Introduction chapter presents problems with articles of EFL learners in general and those of the majority of Vietnamese learners of English, whose representatives are 160 pupils in Nguyen Gia Thieu Secondary School (NGTSS) in particular. The chapter also mentions the purposes and an overview of the study.
Theoretical Background The English article is one of the central determiners used to specify and define the reference of a noun. Grammarians consider articles “noun markers” which denote a variety of qualities such as definiteness and indefiniteness while Lock [18] supposes that articles are considered function words, not content words that carry meaning. Another perspective about the article: 1Vietnamese general education system contains three levels: the first primary level, ranging in age from 6 to 10; the secondary level aging from 11-14 and high school at the age of 15-18. Vietnamese secondary learners are assumed to reach the pre-intermediate level of proficiency in English; and high school learners are assumed to reach the intermediate level.
Article use is less creative, less semantically motivated and more closely linked with the syntactic structure of sentences and phrases than is generally supposed. In other words, much article use can be predicted from the context and is not based on the speaker making any obvious semantic choice [Bygate et al. However, an article is helpful to decoding the meaning of a statement. The following piece of writing of an EFL learner reveals areas of difficulty with articles as reference and cohesion: “The man she married is rich.
I think she did not love a man; she loves the money. And I was right. She left a man and now she is going out with the man.” The meaning in this paragraph was not conveyed effectively because of the incorrect article choice. The reader neither knows how many men are mentioned in the writing as pointed out by Parrott [21] that errors in articles inhabit learners’ effective communication since these errors make them unable to process information.
For non-native English speakers, article choice can be an obstacle on the way to their mastery of English. In reality, learners whose L12 has no articles or the different systems of article choice find that these “little words” can create problems after every other aspect of English has been mastered. Though we have learnt all article rules, we still find some situations where choosing the correct article proves chancy. Bygate et al.
express their viewpoint of difficulties with article learning: It is a paradox that these small words which occur so frequently, carry subtleties of meaning, and are often barely audible in a stream of speech, nonetheless require highly complex grammatical explanations to account for their use [5; 160]. English is considered as L2 to those whose native language is not English, e. English is L2 in Singapore but FL in Vietnam. In the thesis, L1 refers to learners’ mother tongue and L2 refers to English.
It has been argued that the acquisition of the English article system is delayed for most EFL learners until the final stages of learning. The absence of an article system in L1 induces errors in which learners ungrammatically omit or add an article. They master the use of the definite article since they link it with “this” or “that”. However, indefinite articles and generic nouns are difficult for them.
Background to the Study The article causes Vietnamese learners of English at the pre-intermediate level to make the most errors in the determiner system in both oral and written products. Data collected during tutorial sessions of writing English compositions and Vietnamese-English translations by 20 Vietnamese learners of English at this level showed that they paid little attention to article use compared with other grammatical points. These learners illustrated the problems that existed in understanding the use of articles. They preferred to use it randomly, hoping it will be correct.1) Grammatical points No.