TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI Trung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1 Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu Hương Email: vuhuong@tlu.366 Chapter 1: Types of sentences Main points & Unit objectives • Kinds of clauses: dependent clauses / independent clauses / noun clauses/adjective clauses…. • Kinds of sentences: simple / compound / complex… • Sentence problems: fragments, run-ons, comma splices, choppy and stringy sentences. • Using Parallelism and Fixing sentence Problems I. Kinds and features of clauses Independent clause (IC) Dependent Clause (DC) contains a subject and a verb contains a subject and a verb express a complete thought does not express a complete thought can stand alone as a sentence by itself can not stand alone as a sentence by itself S+V Subordinator + S + V I.
Kinds and features of clauses • What are the subordinators of DC? After Before That When Which Although Even though Though Whenever While As, just as How Unless Where Who As if If Until Wherever Whom As soon as since what Whether Whose Because So that I. Kinds and features of clauses Practice 1: 1. Distinguish IC and DC (Prac. Complete sentences, using IC or DC (Handout) II.
KINDS of SENTENCES Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level (simple sentence). Salt water boils at a higher Although women in the United States could own temperature than freshwater, so Sentences property, they could not vote food cooks faster in salt water.) Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920; and after 1920, their vote was legal. (compound-complex sent. Simple Sentences Features: • Have one Independent clause (IC) • End with a stop (.) • Basic form: S+V • Eg: Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. Notes: There exist some variations of simple sentences Practice 2: Read the paragraphs and decide what variation each sentence belongs to Practice 3 : Write sentences - Topic: the Internet II. Compound Sentences • two or more independent clauses joined together • end with a stop (.) • basic forms: IC, coordinator IC IC; conjunctive adverb, IC IC; IC Notes: • Coordinators (coordinating conjunctions) For (to add a reason) And (to add more ideas) Nor (to add a negative equal idea) But (to add an alternative possibility) FAN BOYS Or (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation) Yet (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation) So (to add an expected result) • Conjunctive Adverbs Practice 4 • Ex. Complex Sentences • Contain one independent clause and one (more) dependent clauses • Independent clauses: more important ideas.
/dependent clause: less important ideas • 3 kinds of dependent clauses: noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clauses. Examples: Although women in the United States could own property, they could not vote until 1920. Dependent adverb clause Independent clause Who are not married are called bachelors. Dependent Adjective Clause That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known.
Dependent noun clause Practice 5 • Ex 8, 9, 10 (p. Parallelism What? each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern.My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from Bosnia. parallel parallel not parallel 2. My English conversation class is made up of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians.
parallel parallel parallel Note: I. Parallelism What for? 1) economy 2) clarity 3) equality 4) delight. Parallelism How to form parallelism? 1. Use parallel structure with elements joined by Coordinators (and, or, but) 2.
Use parallel structure with elements joined by Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions 3. Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of being. II, Sentence Problems 1. Sentence Fragments: incomplete sentences/ parts of sentences 2.
Choppy sentences: too short sentences 3. Stringy sentences too many independent clauses 4. Run-on sentences and comma splies: clauses written with no punctuation or without a coordinating conjunction. Practice 1: Identifying sentence problems (p.
Ways to correct sentence problems • Examples II. Ways to correct sentence problems Examples: Practice 2: Correct sentences (p.15-21) TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI Trung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1 Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu Hương Email: vuhuong@tlu. Position That-clauses (akward in spoken E.) they often rewrite such sentences by putting it at the beginning and moving the noun clause to the end. • Awkward That Earth is getting warmer is certain.
• Better It is certain that Earth is getting warmer. REMEMBER It (except be or any intransitive verb like seem or appear) is often written in the passive voice, especially in academic writing. It is believed that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming. It was agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week.
It has been proven that the world’s deserts are expanding. You can also write these sentences in the active voice: • Many scientists believe that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming. • The participants agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week. • Measurements have proven that the world’s deserts are expanding.
Special Tenses: - One of the most common uses of noun clauses in academic writing is to report what someone else has said or written. - This kind of noun clause is called reported speech, indirect speech, or indirect quotation. If the main clause verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in the tense that expresses the meaning that the main clause intends. • The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious world problem.
• They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this problem. • Scientists report that atmospheric warming has already begun. • Measurements have indicated that the average temperature of Earth has risen in the past hundred years. • Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.
• If the main clause verb is in past tense, the verb in the noun clause is usually in a past form. • The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious world problem. • They hoped that all nations would be responsible for finding a solution. • An international group of scientists reported that Earth’s temperature had risen 1.6°C) in the last century.
• Their report stated that carbon dioxide was largely responsible. • • Exception: The verb in the noun clause stays in the present tense when it reports a fact or a general truth: • Researchers in the field verified that icebergs and glaciers are melting. Notes: Subjunctive Noun clauses After certain independent clause verbs and adjectives, you must use the subjunctive form of the verb in the following noun clause.The company president urged that the marketing department be more aggressive. subjunctive noun clause 2.
It is necessary that each salesperson work longer hours. subjunctive noun clause 3. She insisted that the company not lose any more customers to its competitors. subjunctive noun clause • Verbs and Adjectives that require the subjunctive form in the noun clauses: urgency, advisability, necessity, and desirability.
Verbs Adjectives Advise Insist Request Advisable Mandatory Ask Order Require Desirable Necessary command Prefer Suggest Essential Urgent direct Propose urge Important Vital demand recommend Practice 4 on Subjunctive clause 1.Identifying subjunctive noun clause 2.Arrange words into sentences 2. If/Whether clause • Eg: • The patient wanted to know whether Dr. Chen practices acupuncture. • The patient wanted to know whether or not Dr.
Chen practices acupuncture. • The patent wanted to know whether Dr. Chen practices acupuncture or not. • The patient wants to know if Dr.
Chen practices acupuncture. • The patient wants to know if Dr. Chen practices acupuncture or not. • Features: Form from Yes/No questions Introduced by If/whether Whether is more formal than If…or not.
Use SV statement word order Form: Whether/If - clause Subject Verb Whether/If S+V I don’t know whether he comes to class. I don’t remember If Jenny goes camping with me. My mother wants to know whether my father was late 3. Wh- clauses • Features: Formed from Wh – question, Subordinators: (Wh-words): where, when, why, what, how…….
Use SV statement order •Eg: 1.Do you know where he has gone? Wh-clause 2. The reporters asked which company planned to do business in Russia. Wh-clause Practice 5: Chapter 2 Classkick TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦY LỢI Trung tâm Đào tạo Quốc tế - Bộ môn Tiếng Anh Môn học: VIẾT NÂNG CAO 1 Tên giảng viên: Vũ Thị Thu Hương Email: vuhuong@tlu.366 Chapter 3 Adverb Clauses I. Definition A dependent clause functions as an adverb.
Eg: She sang loudly She sang as loudly as we expect. I worked yesterday I worked when you dropped by my house. She will go where you tell her. He studies hard so that he can pass the examination.
tell when, where, why, how, how long, how far, how often, and/or what purpose something happened. An adverb clause can also express a contrast. often began with a subordinating conjunction II. Kinds of Adverb clauses 1.
Time clauses (answer the question ‘When’) Time subordinators When While Before After + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 As As soon as Until Since Whenever Eg: 1. I’ll call you as I arrive at the airport. You can use my computer whenever you like. Eating habits changed as soon as people stopped moving from place to place in search of food.
Kinds of Adverb clauses 2. Place clauses (to answer the question ‘where’) Place subordinators Where Wherever S1 + V1, S2 + V2. Everywhere Anywhere Eg: You can go wherever you like. Most people shop where they get the lowest prices.
Anywhere Khanh goes, Minh follows. Kinds of Adverb clauses 3. Distance, Frequency, and Manner Clause (answer the question “How far?” / “How often?” “How?” ) Distance, Frequency, and Manner Subordinators as + adverb + as: distance Fire had destroyed the trees in the forest as far as the eye could see. (far from, close to, near to,.) as + adverb + as: frequency 1 do not visit my parents as often as they would like me to.
(often, rarely, seldom, frequently,.) as: manner We mixed the chemicals exactly as the lab instructor had told us to. (the comparison is obvious) as + adverb + as: manner Our instructor asked us to fill out the questionnaire as carefully as we could. (the comparison needs to be specified) as if, as though: manner The bus’s engine sounds as if/ as though it was going to stall at any moment. (Impossible/unreal situation II.
Kinds of Adverb clauses 4. Reason clauses (answers the question “Why?”) Reason subordinators Because Since S1 + V1, S2 + V2. As Eg: • We didn’t go camping as it rained heavily. • Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because they are more used to conserving energy.
Kinds of Adverb clauses 5. Result clauses expresses the effect or consequence of the information in the independent clause. Result Subordinators so + adjective/adverb + that Joanna’s cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last week. New orders are coming in so rapidly that she has expanded her production facilities.
such a(n) + noun + that Joanne’s cookies are such a success that she is considering franchising the business. so much/many + noun + that Running the business takes so much time now that Joanne no longer does the baking herself. There were so many orders for her holiday cookies that her workers were baking 24 hours a day. so little/few + noun + that Now Joanne has so little free time that she has not taken a vacation in months.
Her cookies contain so few calories that even people on diets can enjoy them.