Alan Lew provides a valuable update to the Williams classic, and in doing so brings together two of the most important voices in the field of tourism. They demonstrate in compelling fashion that geographers bring a great deal to the study of tourism practices, patterns and impacts as well as to the ambitious project of creating a sustainable and responsible tourism industry. Especially welcomed are Tourism Geography’s new interactive online tools and concluding chapter, which maps emerging critical paradigms in tourism studies – from new theories about economy, human – ecosystem relations, and the cultural politics of language to the application of resiliency planning, mobile technologies and place-based information systems within tourism development. Derek Alderman, Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, USA A comprehensive update on the second edition, Tourism Geography remains very well grounded in current geographic concepts.
The expanded global perspectives that Alan Lew has contributed as a new co-author are welcome additions to Stephen Williams’ excellent introductory text. Enhanced access to web-based case studies will be an appealing feature for students and allow flexibility for instructors to customize relevant examples. Alison Gill, Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Canada Fully revised and updated, this classic text has once again been brought back to the vanguard of the tourism geography literature. The addition of Lew’s considerable expertise and experience to this new edition has added further value to Williams’ already strong work.
Tourism Geography has reconfirmed its status as a bookshelf essential for geographers and non- geographers with an interest in tourism. Julie Wilson, Faculty of Tourism and Geography, Rovira i Virgili University, Spain and University of the West of England, UK This page intentionally left blank Tourism Geography, Third edition For human geographers, a central theme within the discipline is interpreting and understanding our changing world – a world in which geographic patterns are constantly being reworked by powerful forces of change. These forces include population shifts, new patterns of economic production and consumption, evolving social and political structures, new forms of urbanism, and globalisation and the compressions of time and space that are the product of the ongoing revolutions in information technology and telecommunications. This book attempts to show how tourism has also come to be a major force for change as an integral and indispensable part of the places in which we live, their economies and their societies.
When scarcely a corner of the globe remains untouched by the inÀuence of tourism, this is a phenomenon that we can no longer ignore. Tourism is also an intensely geographic phenomenon. It exists through the desire of people to move in search of embodied experience of other places as individuals and en mass and at scales from the local to the increasingly global. Tourism creates distinctive relationships between people (as tourists) and the host spaces, places and people they visit, which has signi¿cant implications for destination development and resource use and exploitation, which are exhibited through a range of economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts that have important implications for local geographies.
This third edition of Tourism Geography: critical understandings of place, space and experience presents an essential understanding of critical perspectives on how tourism places and spaces are created and maintained. Drawing on the holistic nature of geography, a range of social science disciplinary views are presented, including both historical and contemporary perspectives. Fundamentally, however, the book strives to connect tourism to key geographical concepts of globalisation, mobility, production and consumption, physical landscapes, and post-industrial change. The book is arranged in ¿ve parts.
Part I provides an overview of fundamental tourism de¿nitions and concepts, along with an introduction to some of the major themes in contemporary geographic research on tourism, which are further developed in subsequent chapters of this book. In Part II the discussion focuses on how spatial patterns of modern tourism have evolved through time from regional to global geographies. Part III offers an extended discussion of how tourism relates to places that are toured through their economic landscape, contemporary environmental change and socio-cultural relations. Part IV explores a range of major themes in the geographies of tourism, including place creation and promotion, the transformation of urban tourism, heritage and place identity, and creating personal identity through consumption, encounters with nature and other embodied forms of tourism experience.
Part V turns to applied geography with an overview of the different roles of planning for tourism as a means of spatial regulation of the activity, and a look at emerging themes in the critical geography of contemporary and future geographies of tourism. This third edition has been revised by Dr Alan A. Lew, who becomes the new co-author of Tourism Geography. Some of the major revisions that have been incorporated include moving most of the case study boxes to the website http://tourismgeography.com, which will provide a growing wealth of new case studies, over time.
New material has been incorporated, some of the content reorganised to balance the topics covered, a new concluding chapter added that explores some recently emerging perspectives in critical tourism geography, and the text re-written to make it more accessible to a global English- speaking world. That said, the book is still very much the work of Dr Stephen Williams. As such, it maintains its original concise yet comprehensive review of contemporary tourism geography and the ways in which geographers critically interpret this important global phenomenon. It is written as an introductory text for students, and includes guidance for further study in each chapter that can form the basis for independent work.
Lecturers using this textbook are welcome to contribute to the book’s content developing through the supporting website by contacting the author at any time. More online for Tourism Geography, third edition at http://tourismgeography.com Stephen Williams is Emeritus Professor of Human Geography at Staffordshire University, UK. His extensive interests in recreation and tourism are reÀected in his publications, which include Outdoor Recreation and the Urban Environment (Routledge), Tourism and Recreation (Prentice Hall) and a four-volume edited work Tourism: critical concepts in the social sciences (Routledge). Lew is Professor of Geography, Planning and Recreation at Northern Arizona University, USA.
He is the founding editor-in-chief of the journal Tourism Geographies and his publications include World Regional Geography: tourism destinations, human mobilities, sustainable environments (Kendall-Hunt) and Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts: an integrated approach (Routledge). Tourism Geography Critical understandings of place, space and experience Third edition Stephen Williams and Alan A. Lew First published 1998 by Routledge Second edition published 2009 by Routledge This third edition published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Stephen Williams and Alan A. Lew The right of Stephen Williams and Alan A.
Lew to be identi¿ed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identi¿cation and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Williams, Stephen, Tourism geography: critical understandings of place, space and experience / Stephen Williams and Alan A.4' 791–dc23 2014008107 ISBN: 978-0-415-85443-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-85444-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-74388-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton Contents List of plates ix List of ¿gures xi List of tables xiii List of more online case studies xv Acknowledgements xvii PART I INTRODUCTION: TOURISM AND GEOGRAPHY 1 Chapter 1 Tourism, geography and geographies of tourism 3 PART II THE EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL TOURISM 29 Chapter 2 The birth of modern tourism 31 Chapter 3 International patterns of travel and tourism 51 PART III TOURISM’S ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS 77 Chapter 4 Costs and bene¿ts: the local economic landscape of tourism 79 Chapter 5 Tourism, sustainability and environmental change 104 Chapter 6 Socio-cultural relations and experiences in tourism 125 PART IV UNDERSTANDING TOURISM PLACES AND SPACES 147 Chapter 7 Cultural constructions and invented places 149 Chapter 8 Theming the urban landscape 173 Chapter 9 The past as a foreign country: heritage as tourism 199 Chapter 10 Nature, risk and geographic exploration in tourism 217 Chapter 11 Consumption, identity and specialty tourisms 235 viii • Contents PART V APPLIED AND FUTURE TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES 253 Chapter 12 Planning and managing tourism development 255 Chapter 13 Emerging and future tourism geographies 276 Appendix: a guide to the use of the Internet in tourism geography 291 Glossary 294 Bibliography 297 Index 324 Plates 1.1 Tourism as an integral part of daily life at this subway station entrance in Singapore’s Chinatown 8 2.1 Near Fraser, British Columbia, Canada on the White Pass and Yukon Railway 37 2.2 Part of the picturesque landscapes of Brittany that were discovered by tourists in the second half of the nineteenth century: the river- front at Auray 38 3.1 Japan’s Shinkansen bullet trains are a fast and ef¿cient way to cover distances too short to be convenient for airplanes and too long for comfortable car travel 64 4.1 Tourism development in a dif¿cult environment: the mountain resort of Zermatt, Switzerland 85 4.2 A traditional pattern of linear development of hotels and attractions along the sea front in Eastbourne, UK 89 5.1 Tourists in nature, on and off the protective trail, at Kanas National Park in Xinjiang, China 116 6.1 Colourful traditional culture commodi¿ed for tourists in Durban, South Africa 132 7.1 The innovator and his innovations: Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse greet the visitors to Disneyland, Los Angeles 166 8.1 The downtown ¿nancial district of San Francisco 178 8.2 Hotel development in a fantasy city: ‘New York, New York’ hotel and casino on Las Vegas Boulevard 182 8.3 Urban regeneration based on leisure and tourism in the inner city: Brindley Plaza, Birmingham, UK 192 8.4 ‘Pier 39’: a festival market developed from disused wharfs on the waterfront of San Francisco 195 9.1 The heritage appeal of historic townscapes: part of Le Mont St Michel, France 211 9.2 Alternative heritage: the Spanish mission church at San Xavier del Bac, Arizona 212 10.1 An ecocamp platform cabin on the Kinabatangan River provides an intimate encounter with the rainforest of northern Borneo 220 11.1 Beach performance (dress and behaviour) is different from the non- beach, as seen here on Ipenema Beach in Rio de Janiero, Brazil 241 12.1 Balancing commercial interests and heritage conservation is a tourism planning task in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico 263 13.1 Free wi¿ is available at this rural Cambodia village homestay 286 This page intentionally left blank Figures 1.1 A generalized tourist typology based on time and distance 7 1.2 Relationship among leisure, recreation and travel/tourism 9 1.3 Social psychology of tourist motivation 12 1.4 Comparison of basic human needs and the travel career ladder 13 1.5 Tourism and tourists: a typological framework 17 1.6 Structure of the tourist experience 19 2.1 Modi¿ed version of Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) 33 3.1 Increase in international tourist arrivals, 1950–2012 54 3.2 Geographic variation in international tourist arrivals in Europe, 2004 57 3.3 Increase in overnight foreign visitors to China, 1979–2012 71 3.4 Major Àows of inbound tourism to China, 2005 72 4.1 Factors affecting patterns of tourism development 84 4.2 Model of land use in a conventional seaside resort community 90 4.3 Seasonal patterns of international tourist arrivals in selected countries 93 4.4 Tourism development and the formation of economic linkages 97 5.1 Effects of trampling at tourism sites 110 5.