Tai Lieu Chat Luong This page intentionally left blank T H E RU S S I A N RO OT S O F N A Z I S M White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 This groundbreaking book examines the overlooked topic of the in- fluence of anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic Russian exiles on Nazism. White émigrés contributed politically, financially, militarily, and ide- ologically to National Socialism. This work refutes the notion that Nazism developed as a peculiarly German phenomenon. National Socialism arose primarily from the cooperation between völkisch (nationalist/racist) Germans and vengeful White émigrés.
From 1920 to 1923, Adolf Hitler collaborated with a conspiratorial far right German-White émigré organization, Aufbau (Reconstruction). Aufbau allied with Nazis to overthrow the German government and Bolshevik rule through terrorism and military/paramilitary schemes. This organization’s warnings of the monstrous “Jewish Bolshevik” peril helped to inspire Hitler to launch an invasion of the Soviet Union and to initiate the mass murder of European Jews. This book uses extensive archival materials from Germany and Russia, including recently declassified documents, and it will prove invaluable reading for anyone interested in the international roots of National Socialism.
mi c h ae l k el lo gg is an independent researcher and a past recipi- ent of the prestigious Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Grant. new s tud ies in european hi story Edited by pe ter b a l dw in , University of California, Los Angeles c hr is to pher c l a re , University of Cambridge j a m es b. co l l in s , Georgetown University mı́ a ro d rı́ g u e z - s a lg a d o , London School of Economics and Political Science lyn d a l ro per , University of Oxford The aim of this series in early modern and modern European history is to pu- blish outstanding works of research, addressed to important themes across a wide geographical range, from southern and central Europe, to Scandinavia and Russia, and from the time of the Renaissance to the Second World War. As it develops the series will comprise focused works of wide contextual range and intellectual ambition.
For a full list of titles published in the series, please see the end of the book. T H E RU S S I A N RO OT S OF NAZISM White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 MICHAEL KELLOGG Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.org Information on this title: www.org/9780521845120 © Michael Kellogg 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format - ---- eBook (EBL) - --- eBook (EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
I dedicate this work to my father, who found the courage to accept himself as he is. Contents Acknowledgments page viii List of abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 The far right in the German and Russian Empires 18 2 At the extreme in the Ukraine and in Germany 48 3 “Hand in hand with Germany” 78 4 The international radical right’s Aufbau (reconstruction) 109 5 “Germany–Russia above everything” 136 6 Conspiracies of fire and the sword 166 7 “In Quick March to the Abyss!” 193 8 The four writers of the apocalypse 217 9 Aufbau’s legacy to National Socialism 245 Conclusion 272 Bibliography 281 Index 299 vii Acknowledgments I offer thanks first and foremost to the members of my Ph. Committee at the University of California, Los Angeles: Professors Saul Friedländer, David Sabean, Ivan Berend, and Rogers Brubaker, who have given me excellent advice over the years. Professor Peter Baldwin of UCLA granted me valuable advice and support.
Professor Arch Getty of UCLA helped me to gain an overview of important archival materials in Moscow. Others associated with UCLA who aided me in writing this book include Julie Jenkins, who gave me editing advice, Barbara Bernstein and Kathleen Addison, who took care of administrative matters for me while I was abroad, and Julia Wallace, who helped me to revise my text. Many non-Americans gave me valuable assistance in carrying out this project. German academics who considerably aided my research include Michael Hagemeister and Karl Schlögel of Europe University-Viadrina in Frankfurt/Oder, Heinrich Winkler of Humboldt University in Berlin, Hermann Beyer-Thoma of the East European Institute in Munich, and Dr.
Johannes Baur of Munich. In Moscow, Vasily Tsvetkov of Moscow State Pedagogical University alerted me to important archival materials, and Natasha Petina and Ludmilla Novikova helped me to translate difficult Russian texts. Joanna Grynczuk of Berlin translated Polish intelligence files for me. Dominika Plümpe of Berlin gave me helpful insights into my work.
The Welsh journalist and historian Michael Joseph offered me a valuable critique. I received generous funding that enabled me to carry out extensive research in Germany and Russia from the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Disser- tation Research Abroad Program, the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch- dienst (DAAD), the International Studies Abroad Program (ISOP), the Center for German and European Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Center for European and Russian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Finally, I thank my father John and my mother Carolyn for their editing advice and emotional support. viii Abbreviations archives BAB Bundesarchiv (Federal Archives in Berlin).
BAK Bundesarchiv Koblenz (Federal Archives in Koblenz). BA/MF Bundesarchiv, Militärarchiv Freiburg (Federal Archives, Military Archives in Freiburg). BHSAM Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv München (Bavarian State Archives in Munich). BHSAM/AK Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv München, Abteilung Kriegsarchiv (Bavarian State Archives in Munich, Military Archives Department).
BSAM Bayerisches Staatsarchiv München (Bavarian Regional Archives in Munich). GARF Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archives of the Russian Federation, Moscow). GSAPKB Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Property, Berlin). IZG Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute for Modern History, Munich).
PAAA Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (Political Archives of the Foreign Office, Berlin). RGASPI Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsialno-politicheskoi istorii (Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History, Moscow). RGVA Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv (Russian State Military Archives, Moscow). ix x List of abbreviations RGVA (TsKhIDK) Former Tsentr khraneniia istoriko-dokumentalnych kollektsii (Center for the Preservation of Historical-Documentary Collections, now part of RGVA, Moscow).
german agencies AA Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office). AGM Amtsgericht München (Munich District Court). A9N Amt für den 9. APA Aussenpolitisches Amt (Foreign Policy Office, specifically for the National Socialist Party).
APA/AO Aussenpolitisches Amt, Abteilung Osten (Foreign Policy Office, Eastern Department). BSMÄ Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Äussern (Bavarian Foreign Ministry). BSMI Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern (Bavarian Interior Ministry). DDVL Deutsche Diplomatische Vertretung für Lettland (German Diplomatic Representation for Latvia).
DGBel Deutsche Gesandtschaft in Belgrad (German Legation in Belgrade). DGBer Deutsche Gesandtschaft in Bern (German Legation in Bern). DGBud Deutsche Gesandtschaft in Budapest (German Legation in Budapest). DGR Deutsche Gesandtschaft in Riga (German Legation in Riga).
FA/AFK Fremdenamt, Abteilung für Fremdenkontrolle (Alien Office, Department for Alien Supervision). FZO Flüchtlingszentrale Ost (Refugee Head Office East). HGE/Ia Heeresgruppe Eichhorn, Ia (Army Group Eichhorn, Ia). HSKPA Hauptstelle Kulturpolitisches Archiv (Main Office of the Politico-Cultural Archives).
KR Kanzlei Rosenberg (Rosenberg Chancellery). LGMI Landgericht München I (Munich District Court I). List of abbreviations xi LGPO Landesgrenzpolizei Ost (National Border Police East). LGPOP Landesgrenzpolizei Ostpreussen (National Border Police East Prussia).
NSDAPHA NSDAP Hauptarchiv (NSDAP Main Archives). OHLHGE Oberste Heeresleitung Heeresgruppe Eichhorn (Army High Command Army Group Eichhorn). OKO Oberkommando Ost (Army High Command East). PBH/AII Polizeibehörde Hamburg, Abteilung II (Hamburg Police Authorities, Department II).
PDB Polizeidirektion Bremen (Bremen Police Headquarters). PDM Polizeidirektion München (Munich Police Headquarters). PKAH Privatkanzlei Adolf Hitler (Adolf Hitler Private Office). PP/AIA Polizeipräsidium, Abteilung IA (Police Headquarters, Department IA).
PPS Polizeipräsidium Stuttgart (Stuttgart Police Headquarters). PVE Polizeiverwaltung Elberfeld (Elberfeld Police Administration). RA/ZSS Reichsarchiv, Zweigstelle Spandau (State Archives, Spandau Branch). RKÜöO Reichskommissar für die Überwachung der öffentlichen Ordnung (State Commissioner for the Supervision of Public Order).
RMbO Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete (State Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories). RMI Reichsministerium des Innern (State Ministry of the Interior). RP Regierungs-Präsident ([Bavarian] Chairman of the Regional Council). xii List of abbreviations RuSHA-SS/VP Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt-SS, Verwaltung Prag (SS Race and Settlement Main Office, Prague Administration).
SALM Staatsanwalt bei dem Landgerichte München (Prosecuting Attorney at the Munich District Court). SAM Staatsanwaltschaften München (Munich Prosecuting Attorneys’ Office). SAUV Sitzung des Ausschusses zur Untersuchung der Vorgänge vom 1. Mai 1923 und der gegen Reichs- und Landesverfassung gerichteten Bestrebungen vom 26.
SKöO Staatskommissar für öffentliche Ordnung (State Commissioner for Public Order). f rench agencies DB Deuxième Bureau (Second Section, primary intelligence agency). ÉMG État-Major Général (General Staff Headquarters). ÉMMF État-Major du Maréchal Foch (Staff Headquarters of Marshall Foch).
IIA International Information Agency, Paris. MAÉ Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). MG Ministère de la Guerre (Ministry of War). MMFH Mission Militaire Française en Hongrie (French Military Mission in Hungary).
MMFP Mission Militaire Française en Pologne (French Military Mission in Poland). MMFT Mission Militaire Française en Tchécoslovaquie (French Military Mission in Czechoslovakia). QB/SO Quatrième Bureau, Section d’Orient (Fourth Section, Eastern Department). List of abbreviations xiii SG Sûreté Générale (General Security).
SN Sûreté Nationale (National Security). VNCCP Ville de Nancy Commissariat Central de Police (Nancy Central Police Station). russian agencies ATsVO Administretivnyi Tsentr vnepartinnogo obedineniia (Administrative Center of the Non-Party Association, a Russian émigré organization in Prague). ROVS Russkii Obshii-voinskii soiuz (Russian Universal Military Union).
polish agency SGOD Sztab Glówny Oddzial drugi (Main Headquarters Second Section, primary intelligence agency). Introduction In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of October 1917, anti-Bolshevik exiles from the former Russian Empire, known as “White émigrés,” contributed extensively to the making of German National Socialism. This book examines the formative political, financial, military, and ideological influences that White émigrés exerted on Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist movement. This study of White émigré contributions to Hitlerism demon- strates that National Socialism did not develop merely as a peculiarly German phenomenon.
National Socialism arose in the early post-World War I period (1918–1923) from an international radical right milieu in which embittered völkisch (nationalist/racist) Germans collaborated with venge- ful White émigrés in an anti-Entente (Britain and France), anti-Weimar Republic, anti-Bolshevik, and anti-Semitic struggle. From 1920 to 1923, Hitler allied himself with a conspiratorial völkisch German/White émigré association headquartered in Munich, Aufbau: Wirtschafts-politische Vereinigung für den Osten (Reconstruc- tion: Economic-Political Organization for the East), hereafter Aufbau. This secretive union sought to combat international Jewry and to overthrow both the German Weimar Republic and the Soviet Union in league with National Socialists. Aufbau contributed considerable sums of money to Hitler’s National Socialist movement.
Moreover, early National Socialist ideology combined völkisch notions of Germanic racial and spiritual supe- riority with the apocalyptic White émigré Aufbau conspiracy theory in which Jews, who operated as a seamless web of conniving finance capital- ists and murderous Bolsheviks, threatened to conquer the world and then to send it to perdition. Aufbau left a powerful anti-Bolshevik and anti-Semitic legacy to National Socialism after 1923 as well. Prominent White émigré Aufbau members who influenced Hitler’s political and military strategies as well as his anti-Bolshevik and anti- Semitic Weltanschauung (world-view) included First Lieutenant Max von 1 2 The Russian Roots of Nazism Scheubner-Richter, General Vladimir Biskupskii, Colonel Ivan Poltavets- Ostranitsa, Lieutenant Piotr Shabelskii-Bork, Colonel Fedor Vinberg, and Alfred Rosenberg. Scheubner-Richter de facto led Aufbau until he was shot fatally while marching with Hitler and General Erich von Luden- dorff during the disastrous Hitler/Ludendorff Putsch of November 1923.
Hitler subsequently asserted that Scheubner-Richter alone of the “martyrs” of the failed undertaking had proved irreplaceable.