DAI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CHi MINH TRUGNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN F6. Minh Shanh GIAO TRINH Nett nghĩa học Tiếng Anh English Semantics NHÀ XUẤT BẢN ĐẠI HỌC QUOC GIA TP HỒ CHÍ MINH — 2007 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Giáo trình Wgữ nghĩa học tiếng Anh được biên soạn một cách có hệ thống, dựa trên cơ sở tham khảo có chọn lọc những tư liệu của nước ngoài, kết hợp với kinh nghiệm _piảng dạy nhiều năm về môn học này của tác giả và tập thé giảng viên trong Bộ môn Ngữ học Anh. Đây là tập giáo trình được biên soạn dùng để giảng dạy môn học Ngữ nghia hoc tiéng Anh (English Semantics) cho sinh viên năm thứ tư Khoa Ngữ văn Anh, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Giáo trình gồm bốn phần: Tn†roduc†ion (phần dẫn nhập) Word meoning (nghĩa của từ); Sen†ence meoning (nghĩa của câu); Utterance meaning (nghĩa của phát ngôn) RYN PS Lần đầu tiên biên soạn giáo trình này, chúng tôi không tránh khỏi những sai sót, những khuyết điểm.
Rất mong nhận được nhiều ý kiến đóng góp của bạn đọc và của bạn bè đồng nghiệp để giáo trình ngày càng hoàn thiện hơn, phục vụ giảng dạy sinh viên đạt chất lượng tốt hơn. Ý kiến đóng góp về tập giáo trình này xin gửi về Hội đồng Khoa học Khoa Ngữ văn Anh, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, số 10- 12 Đinh Tiên Hoàng Quận 1, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, ngày 14 tháng 12 năm 2006 Te Minh Shanh 11 CONTENTS PC. 0 HH HH nh TH TH HT Ti HH 11 0) .-- --- 5 Sàn re, vii 1 TNTRODUCTTON.1 Wha† is semdh†iCS2.2 Semantics and its possible included aspects.
10 2 WORD MEANING ou.2 Componen†ial andlysis.3 Seman†ic fieÌds_.-c--ccecccerkeeriererrree 21 VN oi.5 Referent, reference and SENSE .6 Deno†a†ion and conno†d†ion: .7 Mul†iple senses of lexical i†ems .8 Figures of speech 2.1 Proposi†ion, u††erance and sen†ence .4 Entailment 4 UTTERANCE MEANITNG .2 Conversational implica†ure .5 Performa†ives and cons†a†ives .6 Politeness, co-opera†ion and indirec†ness .- LH HH nh TH HH ngàng. 177 List of English-Vietnamese equivalent linguistic terms .- Là HH Hy 252 vi NOTATIONAL SYMBOLS Most of the symbols used in this text follow conventions, but since conventions vary, the following list indicates the meanings assigned to them here. A: adjunct AdjP: adjective phrase AdvP: adverb phrase C: countable dO: direct object Ex: example mono-trans: mono-transitive verb n: noun NP: noun phrase Op: optional opA of Means: optional adjunct of means Pro: pronoun PP: prepositional phrase RP: Received Pronunciation S: sentence Vgrp: verb group VP: verb phrase * : unaccepted form iv : related in some way [ ] : embedded unit /:or => : one-way dependence > : two-way dependence + + : be equivalent to : with the semantic feature specified : without the semantic feature specified : with or without the semantic feature specified Section INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is semantics? Semantics is a branch of linguistics which deals with meaning. In order to understand this definition, we need to know what meaning is.
However, before we discuss the “meaning” of meaning, it is necessary to talk about the main branches of linguistics. Linguistics has three main branches: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Syntax is the study of grammar (consisting of phonology, morphology, syntax, and textual grammar) whereas semantics and pragmatics deal with meaning. Semantics is the study of meaning in language (i.
what language means) while pragmatics is concerned with meaning in context (i. what people mean by the language they use). Although this is a semantics course, part of what we are going to discuss is concerned with pragmatics, for semantics and pragmatics are closely related. Take the distinction between semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning as an illustration of how semantics is different from but, at the same time, closely related to pragmatics.
Semantic meaning is context-free whereas pragmatic meaning is context-dependent. (1) A: ‘Would you like a piece of cake?’ B: ‘I’m on a diet.’ The semantic meaning of ‘I’m on a diet’ in (1) is ‘I want to lose weight by eating the food which is not rich in fat, sugar, etc.’ The pragmatic meaning of ‘I’m on a diet’ in (1) is ‘I don’t want any piece of cake’ or ‘7’m afraid that [have to refuse your invitation.’ (2) Tom: ‘Do you like the wine | picked out?’ Gina: ‘It’s Italian, isn’t it?’ The semantic meaning of ‘It’s Italian, isn’t it?’ in (2) is ‘Is it right that the wine is made in Italy?’ The pragmatic meaning of ‘It’s Italian, isn’t it?’ in (2) is ‘I don’t like the wine you picked out.2 Semantics and its possible included aspects “Semantics is a technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is part of language, semantics is part of linguistics. Unfortunately, ‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language, there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what aspects of it may properly be included in semantics, or the way in which it should be described.” [Palmer, 1981: 1] This little textbook will try to show three main aspects that are commonly considered as included in semantics: word meaning (or, to be more precise, lexical meaning) [Lyons, 1995: 33], sentence meaning and utterance meaning." ' In semantics it is necessary to make a careful distinction between utterances and sentences. In particular we need some way of making it clear when we are discussing sentences and when utterances.
We adopt the convention that anything 10 The meaning of remarried, for example, can be analysed in the three different levels. At the word level, remarried may be regarded a set of the four following semantic features: [+human], [+male], [+used to be married], and [+married again]. At the sentence level when remarried occurs in She is not remarried, only the fourth semantic feature of the word, namely [+married again], is informative, i. it is part of the statement.
At the utterance level within the particular context of the following conversation when remarried occurs in B's response, it is the word that helps the utterance presuppose that pastors are allowed by rule to get married and implicate that the pastor was once married. A: ‘How is the pastor?’ B: ‘He is remarried.’ Because of the nature of the subject and the variety of views on semantics and its possible included aspects, the little textbook cannot hope to be more than an introductory survey. written between single quotation marks represents ‘an utterance’, and anything italicized represents a sentence or (similarly abstract) part of a sentence, such as a phrase or a word: ‘She is not remarried’ represents an utterance, She is not remarried represents a sentence. Married represents a word conceived as part of a sentence.
11 Section WORD MEANING WORD MEANING is what a word means, i. “what counts as the equivalent in the language concerned.1 Definition Semantic features’ are “the smallest units of meaning in a word.” [Richards et al, 1987: 254] We identify the meaning of a word by its semantic features. For example, father may have the following semantic features: [+human], [+male], [+mature], [+parental] and [+paternal]. And Aen may be described as a set of the following semantic features: [tanimate], [+bird], [+fowl], [+fully grown] and [+female].1 Some semantic features need not be specifically mentioned.
For example, if a word is [+human] it is “automatically” [+tanimate]. This generalization can be expressed as a redundancy rule: ? Semantic features are also referred to as semantic components or semantic properties. 12 A word that is [+human] is [+animate]. That is why [+animate] need not be specified as a semantic feature of father, girl, professor, etc.
since the semantic feature can be inferred from [+human]. Some redundancy rules infer negative semantic features. Thus, semantic features are often shown in the form of binary oppositions, which can be stated in terms of pluses and minuses (that is, [+] and [-]): If father is [+human], it is therefore [—inhuman]; If father is [+male], it is therefore [-female]; If father is [+mature], it is therefore [—immature]; If father is [+paternal], it is therefore [—maternal]. Notice that we identify the meaning of a word according to its primitive semantic features first, e.; and then with the assistance of its other semantic features, e.2 Different words may share the same semantic feature.
In other words, the same semantic feature can be found in many different words. Exl: Doctor, engineer, teacher, physicist, chemist, tailor, hairdresser, etc. all share the same semantic feature [+professional]. Ex2: Mother, father, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandparent, aunt, uncle, etc.3 The same semantic feature can occur in words of different parts of speech.
In other words, words of different parts of speech may share the same semantic feature. For example, [+female] is part of the meaning of the noun mother, the verb breast-feed and the adjective pregnant. And [+educational] is a semantic feature found in the nouns schoo/, teacher, textbook, etc. and in the verbs teach, educate, instruct, etc.4 Fromkin and Rodman [1993: 148-149] confirm that “the semantic properties of words determine what other words they can be combined with.” These authors give the two following sentences that are grammatically correct and syntactically perfect but semantically anomalous: (1) My brother is an only child.
(2) The bachelor is pregnant. Here, Fromkin and Rodman also cite Noam Chomsky’s famous classic example of semantically anomalous sentences: (3) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. This sentence seems to obey all the syntactic rules of English: its subject is colorless green ideas and its predicate is s/eep furiously, but there is obviously something semantically wrong 14 with the sentence. The adjective co/or/ess is [-colour], but it occurs with the adjective green the semantic feature of which [+green in colour].
How can something be [—colour] and [+green in colour] at the same time? In the same way, the noun /deas, which is [+abstract], is semantically incompatible with the verb s/eep the noun phrase subject of which must be [+concrete] and [+animate]. How can an abstract notion like /deas sleep? Then, the verb s/eep, whose adverbial collocations* are well, badly and soundly, is semantically incompatible with the adverb fur/ously. How can a living being sleep when he is full of violent anger? In conclusion, knowing all the possible semantic features of a word enables us to combine semantically compatible words together to form larger but meaningful linguistic units such as phrases, clauses and sentences. Fromkin and Rodman [1993:134] also believe that “because we know the semantic properties of words, we know when two words are antonyms, synonyms or homonyms, or are unrelated in meaning.” Exercise_1: For each group of words given below, state what semantic features are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic features distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words.
The first one is done as an example. *Collocations are regular combinations of words, e. by accident and strong tea are English collocations. Adverbial collocations refer to the adverbs regularly used together with a certain verb.
(a) alive, asleep, awake, dead, half-dead, pregnant (b) depressed, bored, excited, upset, amazed, surprised The (a) and (b) words are The (a) words are The (b) words are Exercise 2: Identify the semantic features in each of the following words. Exercise_3: How can you distinguish the words given in the following table from one another, considering their semantic features? 19 Malay | English | Vietnamese Chinese anh huynh brother dé sadara em muội sister chi ty 2.2 Componential analysis In Semantics, componential analysis is “an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features.