MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION -------------------------- TRAN VAN THUONG ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DROUGHT IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE THESIS OF GEOGRAPHY MASTER HANOI, 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION -------------------------- TRAN VAN THUONG ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DROUGHT IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE Specialisation: Physical Geography Code: 60.17 THESIS OF GEOGRAPHY MASTER Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dao Ngoc Hung HANOI, 2017 i DECLARATION I certify that this thesis is my knowledge during of studying period. The used data and documents in the study is fully righteous and it is completely different from all published results in the previous time. I can be legally responsible for my pledge.
Hanoi, June, 2017 AUTHOR ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks to Associate Professor Đào Ngọc Hùng, who always encourages, help, advises, and give suggestions. Without him, this achievement would not have occurred. I would also like to thank Professor Nguyễn Trọng Hiệu for guidance, and kind editing of this thesis. I also appreciate the knowledge gained through Dr.
Đỗ Văn Thanh during GIS and ENVI topics. I am grateful to the lecturers, the staffs of Geography Faculty, Post-Graduation Department in the both Hanoi National University of Education and Ho Chi Minh City University of Education for assistance provided to me. I am also in the debt of AMA Education Foundation Scholarship, NAGAO Scholarship, Mr. Peter Mach, Ms.
Phương Diễm Hương, Associate Professor Trần Đức Tuấn, Ms. Ngô Thị Hải Yến, and the family of Associate Professor Nguyễn Minh Tuệ who have given special help in finance as well as spirit. It has greatly helped me for collecting database and field-research around my thesis. This work has many external contributor.
The generosity of Mr. Võ Văn Thông and uncles, aunts at Tien Giang, Long An and National Centre of Meteorology and Hydrology for providing data which related to my thesis. My acknowledgement is also paid to my family and friends who always give me motivation. My parents and foster parents are my beloved persons who I thank greatly.
Last but not least, my thesis will be unsuccessful unless the members of Assessment Council support and allow. Many thanks for ideas and recommendations from member of the Council. Due to the inadequacy of time and data, here has not been really perfect thesis. The sympathy and ideas from readers will encourage to enhance the quality of projects in the future.
AUTHOR iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1. Administration of Tien Giang province. Rivers and canals network of Tien Giang province. The change in average temperature decade in Tien Giang province during period 1978 – 2015.
The fluctuation of annual average temperature in Tien Giang from 1978 to 2015. The variation in seasonal average temperature in study area from 1978. The change in mean rainfall decade in Tien Giang province during period 1978 – 2015. The fluctuation of annual rainfall in Tien Giang from 1978 to 2015.
The variation in mean seasonal rainfall in study area from 1978 to 2015. Scale and landing time of typhoon during period of 1978 – 2015 in coastal area from Binh Thuan to Kien Giang province. Changes in average sea level (a), maximum sea level (b) and minimum sea level (c) at Vung Tau oceanographical station. The fluctuation of average water level (a), maximum water level (b) and minimum water level (c) in Vam Kenh hydrological station.
Changes in yearly temperature in Tien Giang province. Changes in temperature in winter (a), spring (b), summer (c), and autumn (d). The rate of increasing annual mean temperature in Tien Giang province under RCP 8.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035. Changes in annual rainfall (%) relative to period of 1986-2005.
Changes in rainfall in winter (a), spring (b), summer (c), and autumn (d) 47 Fig 2. The rate of increasing annual rainfall in Tien Giang province under RCP 4.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035. The rate of increasing annual rainfall in Tien Giang province under RCP 8.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035. The rate of inundation under sea level rise scenario100m.
The frequency of monthly drought in Tien Giang province. The probability of drought classifications in study area. The probability of drought in dry (a) and rainy (b) season during period of 1978 – 2015. The rate of drought classification in study area.
Normal Probability Plot of Model (response is RDI). The change in yearly drought period of 2016 – 2035, relative to period of 1986 – 2005 under RCP 4. The frequence of annual drought in Tien Giang province under RCP 4.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035. The frequence of annual drought in Tien Giang province under RCP 8.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035.
The frequency of monthly drought period of 2016 – 2035 in Tien Giang province under RCP 4. The value of RDI in dry season under RCP 4. The value of RDI in rainy season under RCP 4. The frequence of drought in dry season in Tien Giang province under RCP 4.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035.
The frequence of drought in dry season in Tien Giang province under RCP 8.5 scenario during period of 2016 – 2035. Over flowered at drain 3, in Go Cong Tay district in dry season 2012. Dredging river and canals. Rain water storage tank.
The deserted fields during the salty season. Model of flora – rice – fish nexus in freedom (a) and dependent (b). 71 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The value and standard error of rainfall at three stations in study area for decade from 1978 to 2015.
The number of typhoons and tropical depressions which effected on sea region from Binh Thuan to Ca Mau during period of 1978 – 2015. The data of typhoon and tropical depression which landed in coastal area from Binh Thuan to Ca Mau province during period of 1978 – 2015. Characteristic of greenhouse gas concentrations scenario. Sea level rise (cm) relative to period of 1986 – 2005 for scenarios.
Inundation in Tien Giang province. The rate of monthly drought classification under scenarios (%). The consequence among constituents of nexus in study area. 69 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION CC Climate Change COP Conference of Parties ESD Education for Sustainable Development GIS Geographic Information System HCMC Ho Chi Minh City ICSU International Council for Science IPCC Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change MNRE Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RDI Reconnaissance Drought Index SLR Sea level rise United Nations Conference on Environment and UNCED Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WMO World Meteorological Organization WRCP World Climate Research Programme vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
ii LIST OF FIGURES. iii LIST OF TABLES .v LIST OF ABBREVIATION. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. The motivation for the topic.
Objective and mission. The objective of thesis. The task of thesis. Data and limitation.
The constraint of thesis. Perspective and method. Point of view. Value of thesis.
Structure of thesis. The history of research on climate change and drought. In the world. In study area.
Theoretical basis of study. Weather and climate. Climate change and sea level rise. Overview study area.
The socio – economic in study area. MANIFESTATION AND SCENARIO OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISING SEA LEVEL IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE. Manifestations of climate change and sea level rise in Tien Giang province. Sea and tide level rise.
Scenario of climate change and rising sea level in study area. Sea level rise. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DROUGHT IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE. Determining probability of drought and drought severity in study area.
Monthly drought during of research period. The impact of climate change on drought in Tien Giang province. The correlation between annual RDI and several components of climate. Scenario of drought for Tien Giang province.
Climate change adaptation solutions. Non-construction solutions .73 CONLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION .77 PUBLICATION OF ARTICLES. The motivation for the topic Climate change has become a global problem of universal interest because of its influence sphere and effect level on humanity. In recent years, they have become are more noticeable and serious under the form of drought, water shortage, loss of biodiversity and so on.
The climate change, sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam in 2016 (MNRE, 2016) [4] predicted that the sea level will likely to rise over 75 centimetres in the end of the 21st century by comparison with the period of 1986 – 2005; hence, they will direct influence on deltas, especially the Lower Mekong River Delta. Tien Giang province is one of thirteen provinces in Lower Mekong River Delta, which is covered about 5% areas of the Mekong River basin, and in coastal areas in Vietnam so there will be several advantages of the geographical location, the wealthy of water resource from river upstream and the correction of river runoff by Tonlé Sap Lake. However, there will be also much more difficult from obvious water shortage, drought and saltwater intrusion, especially the fresh water in dry season and flood in rainy season by the consequences of using water from the upper river basin, climate change and sea level rise [79],[80]. The dry season in 2016, Tien Giang province has been impacted by the historical biggest drought; thus, it has caused fresh water shortage and the serious effect on agriculture.
Drought is a complex and natural phenomenon mainly caused by low rainfall in a constant period which is characterized by several properties such as frequency, intensity and duration (Alley, 1984) [42]. By the impression of climate change and other reasons on drought, the fresh water of province will not be only shortage, but be polluted in dry season for years ahead. Fresh water plays vitally importance for production and social security of Vietnam in general and the agricultural products of Tien Giang province in particular. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of climate change on drought in Tien Giang province.
Hence, I have chosen this topic to research on my master’s course. Objective and mission 2. The objective of thesis To assess the impact of climate change on drought in Tien Giang province and suggest solutions adaptation in times of climate change and sea level rise. The task of thesis By the published objective above, the project focus on solving several mission below: - Literature review about global warming, climate change and rising sea level scenario, drought and Tien Giang province.
- Analysing about the changing climate in study area. - Studying the correlation between several weather condition and drought - Assessing the effects and putting great many solutions for sensibly using water resource within global warming context. Data and limitation 3. Data The statistics for research used to analyse manifestations of climate change and sea level rise in Tien Giang province, includes: temperature, precipitation, humidity, tide and sea level.
They are provided by National and Tien Giang Centre of Meteorology and Hydrology and Tien Giang Statistical Yearbook. The constraint of thesis - The thesis only projects on Tien Giang province by space. - In contents the author only concentrate on the manifestation of changing temperature, rainfall, humidity, tide and sea level, fluctuating typhoon and the impacts on drought from 1978 to 2015. Then, put forward several solutions for adapting in climate change and sea level rise context.
Perspective and method 4. Point of view 4.