VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LUONG HUU TRUNG EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF LAB-SCALED SELF-PURIFICATION SEWER SYSTEM FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LUONG HUU TRUNG EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF LAB-SCALED SELF-PURIFICATION SEWER SYSTEM FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN VIETNAM MAJOR: Environmental Engineering CODE: Pilot RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Assoc. HIROYASU SATOH Prof. JUN NAKAJIMA Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At very first words, my gratefulness goes to all lecturers, officers and staffs in Environmental Engineering Program (MEE), Vietnam Japan University (VJU) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for giving me the precious opportunity to study and train under this disciplinary academic environment, where I could improve myself unexpectedly and access to a broader career future. In advance, I would like to spend the most gratitude toward my supervisors, Assoc.
Hiroyasu Satoh and Prof. Jun Nakajima, for their intense support and supervision throughout the time I did the thesis. I could not accomplish the thesis without your guidance and enthusiasm throughout all progresses, from initial research idea, reactor setup, experimental analysis and revision of the draft and presentation. And last, I also really appreciate the support and encouragement from my classmates, friends and family, those who have contributed to my two wonderful years in VJU, turning it into something priceless and unforgettable in my youth.
i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. i TABLE OF CONTENT. ii LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES.
vii LIST OF ABBREVIATION. INTRODUCTION TO SELF-PURIFICATION SEWER FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATEMENT IN VIETNAM. Wastewater treatment and management in urban areas of Vietnam. Introduction to a new approach: In-sewer self-purification technique.
Modified sewer for enhancing the self-purification capacity of sewage. Pervious concrete as potential material for self-purification sewer. Introduction to pervious concrete. Constituent and mix design.
Sustainable construction material. Potential usage for self-purification sewer construction. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY. Lab-scaled self-purification sewer reactor .14 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Sampling and analytical methods. Microbial media for the modified self-purification sewer. Pervious concrete as a potential material for self-purification sewer. Physicochemical characteristics of pervious concrete made from conventional and waste aggregates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Potential characteristics of pervious concrete as microbial media. Density, porosity and permeability. Morphology and chemical composition.
Pollution transformation regimes in self-purification sewer. Sedimentation and oxidization of organic matters. Ammonia stripping due to high pH. Estimation of sewer treatment capacity.
Removal efficiency of organic matters (COD). Removal efficiency of Ammonia (NH4-N) and total nitrogen (T-N) .56 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Sample modified sewer equipped with porous media for microbial attachment, with an impervious outer wall to prevent leakage of sewage. Sample pervious concrete made from byproduct coal-slag coarse aggregate (A) and conventional rock coarse aggregate (B).
Flow diagram of PVC sewer reactor installed with pervious concrete media, oxygen gas sensor, recirculation tank and pump.2 Self-purification sewer reactors with equipment and porous concrete inward. Left sewer is coated with pervious concrete made from industrial by-product (coal-slag) while conventional rock-aggregate pervious concrete is used in the right sewer. My Dinh Canal in Nguyen Co Thach Street, My Dinh, Nam Tu Liem. Pervious concrete media for the PVC sewer reactor.
(A) Pervious concrete was placed inside in the bed of the sewer for evenly distribution of sewage and more esthetical look. (B) Hardened coal-slag pervious concrete; (C) Hardened rock- aggregate pervious concrete. Darcy’s Law experiment system for testing permeability of concrete. Surface structure of raw coal-slag aggregate, before submerged in the CS sewer for operation, observed under two scales of 1/1000 and 1/5000 with SEM.
Comparison of coal-slag surface structure before and after running with municipal sewage for 30 experimental days. Surface structure of raw rock aggregate, before submerged in the RA sewer for operation, observed under two scales of 1/1000 and 1/5000 with SEM .28 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Comparison of rock-aggregate surface structure before and after running with municipal sewage for 30 experimental days. Chemical composition of raw coal-slag aggregate.
Chemical composition of coal-slag aggregate submerged in sewage inside CS reactor for 30 experimental days. Chemical composition of raw conventional rock aggregate. Chemical composition of rock aggregate submerged in sewage inside RA reactor for 30 experimental days. Correlation between Turbidity and COD in CS and RA sewers both in 15mON/45mOFF and 30mON/30mOFF pump schedules.
COD change in effluent of lab-scaled self-purification sewer, running with pump schedule of 15mON/45mOFF simulating dry condition. COD change in effluent of lab-scaled self-purification sewer, running with pump schedule of 30mON/30mOFF simulating wet condition. Sedimentation flocs settled down on coal-slag concrete (A) and rock- aggregate concrete (B) while sewage flowed through the lab-scaled sewer. Detached floc from pervious concrete media settled down at the bed of the recirculation tank in coal-slag sewer reactor.
Oxygen concentration monitored in headspace of coal-slag sewer reactor by Oxygen sensor (Experimental date: April 9th, 2019). Ammonia in effluent of coal-slag and rock-agregate concrete sewer, with schedule of 15m ON/45m OFF. Ammonia in effluent of coal-slag and rock-agregate concrete sewer, with schedule of 30m ON/30m OFF .41 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. TN and ammonia of outflows from coal-slag and rock-aggregate concrete sewer, with pump schedule of 15m ON/45m OFF.
TN and ammonia of outflows from coal-slag and rock-aggregate concrete sewer, with pump schedule of 30m ON/30m OFF. Correlation between NH4 and TN in CS and RA sewers in both 15/45 and 30/30 pump schedules; (1) Portion of TN which was removed by ammonnia stripping, (2) Portion of particulate nitrogen (P-N), (3) Remained ammonia. Treatment efficiency for COD of self-purification sewer pipe made from CS and RA concretes in dry flow pattern condition. Treatment efficiency for COD of self-purification sewer pipe made from CS and RA concretes in wet flow pattern condition.
Treatment efficiency for NH4-N of self-purification sewer pipe made from CS and RA concretes in dry flow pattern condition. Treatment efficiency for NH4-N of self-purification sewer pipe made from CS and RA concretes in wet flow pattern condition .50 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Capacity of several wastewater treatment plants in Vietnam (Source: NGOenvironment.com; Hanoi Department of Construction, 2015). General wastewater quality of My Dinh Canal in Nguyen Co Thach Street.
Experimental sampling schedule of two sewer reactors. Properties of Portland cement pervious concrete from coal-slag and rock aggregate. Composition of coal-slag aggregate in Pha Lai Thermopower Plant analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Correlation of sedimentation and microbial digestions for organic matters removal in self-purification sewers.
Estimation of flow distance from pump schedules in lab-scaled self- purification sewer. Test of heavy metals released from coal slag aggregate. Maximum permissible concentration for domestic wastewater parameters discharged from households .56 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATION AAO: Anaerobic – Anoxic – Aerobic ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials CAS: Conventional Activated Sludge CS: Coal Slag EDS: Electron Dispersion Spectrometry ICOP: Intermittent Contact Oxygen Process MWW: Municipal Waste Water OD: Oxidation Ditch PCPC: Portland Cement Pervious Concrete PN: Particulate Nitrogen PPD: Physical Pollutants Deposition RA: Rock Aggregate RCA: Recycle Concrete Aggregate SBR: Sequencing Batch Reactor SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy SWMM: Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater WWTP: Wastewater Treatment Plant viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. INTRODUCTION TO SELF-PURIFICATION SEWER FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATEMENT IN VIETNAM 1.
Wastewater treatment and management in urban areas of Vietnam In recent decades, after the renovation in 1986 to create a socialist-oriented market economy, Vietnam has been rocketing in both economy and urbanization. The growth in these aspects also lead to many other problems in the environment nationwide. Being a developing country with emerging economy and young human resource, Vietnam is now facing many opportunities and challenges at the same time. The rapid growth of economy and population put a tremendous pressure on the urban drainage and sewerage systems which have been constructed decades ago.
By 2018, the total population of Vietnam is estimated to be 94 million, and 35.5% lives in towns or big cities, generating a huge amount of wastewater that needs to be treated in a daily basic (VWSA, 2018). However, the existing drainage and sewerage system have not been developed or renovated to meet the demand of treatment for the current municipal sewage load. According to World Bank in 2013, most of domestic wastewater from residential areas is pretreated by septic tank before being discharged to public sewer drains. Majority of the sewerage system which could be called drainage system also are the combined type, conveying around 90% of total sewage generated from domestic, industrial and hospital sources together with rainwater to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or directly discharge into water environment such as lakes, canals or rivers.
By 2012, only 17 wastewater treatment plants being in operation were in charge of sewage treatment in urban areas of Vietnam, with total capacity of 530,000 m3/d (An, 2014) (Table 1. In majority, the most common wastewater treatment technology is Activated Sludge Process performed differently in each desired area. Among those, Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS), Anaerobic – Anoxic – Aerobic (AAO) and Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) are mostly developed and applied in Centralized 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. It was estimated only 23.2% of sewage was collected and treated in treatment facilities, the rest of wastewater and sludge were semi-treated in septic tanks before overflowing to public combined sewer system and then discharged to the environment causing serious water pollution in urban areas of Vietnam (NGO International, n.
Capacity of several wastewater treatment plants in Vietnam Capacity Sewage Establish Treatment No. City WWTP collection year (m3/d) technology type Activated sludge 1 Kim Lien 2005 3,700 3,700 Combined (AS) Truc 2 2005 2,500 2,500 Combined Activated Sludge Bach Hanoi North Anerobic – Anoxic 3 Thang 2009 42,000 7,000 Combined – Aerobic (AAO) Long Sequencing Batch 4 Yen So 2012 200,000 120,000 Combined Reactor (SBR) Binh 5 2009 141,000 141,000 Combined Activated Sludge Hung Binh Aerobic & 6 Hung 2008 30,000 30,000 Combined Ho Chi Completed Lake Hoa Minh Oxidation Ditch 7 Canh Doi 2007 10,000 10,000 Separated (OD) Nam 8 2009 15,000 15,000 Separated Activated Sludge Vien 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Covered Anaerobic 9 Son Tra 2006 15,900 15,900 Combined Lagoon Hoa Covered Anaerobic 10 2006 36,418 36,418 Combined Cuong Lagoon Da Nang Covered Anaerobic 11 Phu Loc 2006 36,430 36,430 Combined Lagoon Ngu Covered Anaerobic 12 Hanh 2006 11,629 11,629 Combined Lagoon Son Sequencing Batch 13 Bai Chay 2007 3,500 3,500 Combined Quang Reactor Ninh Ha Sequencing Batch 14 2009 7,000 7,500 Combined Khanh Reactor 2-shells 15 Da Lat Da Lat 2006 7,400 6,000 Separated sedimentation tank & Trickling Filter Lake chains Buon Buon Ma (Anaerobic, 16 Ma 2006 8,125 5,700 Separated Thuat arbitrary, Thuat completed lagoons) Bac Bac 17 2010 10,000 8,000 Combined Oxidation Ditch Giang Giang (Source: NGOenvironment.com; Hanoi Department of Construction, 2015) Even though several efforts have been initiated and practiced by the Government to address the problems related to water environment, urban sanitation is still now facing serious issues comprising sewage collection, treatment and management. Though 94% of citizens have access to toilet, and 90% of households equip septic tanks as on-site pretreatment instrument for black water and night-soil before discharging to 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.