THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY THET HNIN SWE THET HNIN SWE ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE BAC KAN PROVINCE, VIETNAM: SPECIES COMPOSITION OF INSECTS AND AQUATIC MACROPHYTES MASTER THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Master of Environmental Science Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : K29 (2021 -2023) Thai Nguyen, August, 2023 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Master of Environmental Science Student name Thet Hnin Swe Student ID DTN21CH311028 ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE BAC Thesis Title KAN PROVINCE, VIETNAM: SPECIES COMPOSITION OF INSECTS AND AQUATIC MACROPHYTES Supervisor (s) Dr. Nguyen Duy Hai Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Biodiversity is the primary source of food production, nutritional security and providing environmental and ecosystem services. Insects may respond to biotic (host, vegetative biodiversity, crowding, and nutritional) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, and light) challenges by increasing their metamorphic stages, survival, and rate of reproduction. This study's primary goal was to evaluate the biodiversity (insect and aquatic species) in Vietnam's Bac Kan province.In the province of Bac Kan, insects, and aquatic species were observed in the field for this study.
In all study sites in Bac Kan province (Ba Be Naional Park; Kim Hy Nature Reserve; Nam Xuan Lac Species and Habitat Conservation Area; and Thac Gieng Landscape), 11 insect orders were discovered, and Ba Be National Park had the largest variety of insect species compared to the other three study sites. In all research sites, the Coleoptera is the most abundant order of insects. In the province of Bac Kan, 29 aquatic species were identified for the purpose of species assessments. Although the Bac Kan province's insect and aquatic species are still rated well.
Overall, conservation efforts are still needed to ensure that they will survive in the future. This study will help the decision-maker and policy maker for the conservation and protection of biodiversity in the Bac Kan province. Keywords: Biodiversity, Plant Genetic Resources, Insect Diversity Agriculture, Vietnam Number of pages: 74 pages Date of 21 August 2023 Submission: i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to express my humble gratitude to my advisor, Dr.Nguyen Duy Hai, for his patience, invaluable supervision, wise counsel is given, beneficial suggestions, and helpful advice to make this study perfect. His guidance helped me all the time for this thesis, and knowledge was gained along the way.
I am very grateful to DAAD, German Academic Exchange Service, for funding the research and enabling me to earn this scholarship grant for my studies. Besides, I wish to express my deep appreciation to the Director General, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry and the Director and staff from the Advanced Education program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, for their helpful suggestions, careful guidance, valuable advice and qualified exam. I would like to express my deepest thanks to my authority, H.E Mr Min Naung, Union Minister, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, and Dr. Naing Kyi Win, Director General, Department of Agricultural Research (DAR), Myanmar, for permitting me to join this master program.
My sincere thanks also go to Ms. Thet Thet Oo, Director of Seed Bank, Biotechnology and Plant Protection Research Division, and Dr. Thida, Section Head at the Biotechnology section, Department of Agricultural Research, Myanmar, for their support, integrity and precious encouragement on me. I thank my senior sister, Ms.
Zin Myo Nwe, Senior Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Research ii (DAR), Myanmar, for her support in applying for this scholarship and advice along my study. Finally, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the support and love of my family- my parents, Mr Tint Lwin and Mrs Mar Mar Aye; as well as my aunty, Ms. Mar Mar Moe, for their infinite love, encouragement, and moral supports and financial supports throughout my life. Last, but not least, I am in debt towards everybody involved directly or indirectly in completing this thesis.
THET HNIN SWE iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List Of Figures .1 List Of Tables. 2 List of Abbreviations. Research questions and hypotheses. Definition of terms.
Effect of biotic factors on the insect fauna. Function of insects on the agricultural ecosystem. Effect of Aquatic species (Macrophytes) on the environment. Sources of Data.
Selection of the study plots. Field Sampling of the Insects. Hand rackets method. Malaise traps method.
Hand nesting method (Aaerial nest). Light trap method. Field Sampling of the aquatic species. Characterization of species.
Characterization of the insect species. Characterization of the aquatic species. Secondary Data collection .1 The effects of natural and socio-economic conditions on the Biodiversity in Bac Kan Province .1 Effect of Natural conditions on Biodiversity .2 Effect of socio-economic conditions on Biodiversity. Insect Species found in Bac Kan province.
Insect species composition. Insect diversity between study sites. Aquatic plants found in Bac Kan province. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .1 Assessment of the effect of Natural and Socio-economic Conditions.
Assessment of Insect found in the Bac Kan province. Insect species composition. Insect diversity between study sites. Assessment of aquatic species between study sites.
Conclusion and Recommendation. 59 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. Preparation of triangular butterfly bags for the storage of Lepidopteran specimens.2 Preparation for Malaise traps method to collect samples. Preparation for Aspirator method (Sustion pipe) to collect samples.Preparation for Hand nesting method (Aaerial nest).
Preparation for light trap method to collect samples. Investigation Image in Bac Kan. Total number of insect species from Bac Kan province in 2021. Number of recorded insects from three study sites in Bac Kan province in 2021.
Image of the Eichhornia crassipes (Mart. Percentage of the families of the aquatic species found in the Bac Kan province.53 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 4. Comparison of Insect composition recorded in Bac Kan province (Year: 2015 and 2021). Comparing the levels of insect diversity between study sites.
List of aquatic species found in the Bac Kan province .45 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature GFD Global Food Demand IT IS Integrated Taxonomic Information System BVN Vietnam Plant Data Center IPNX International Plant Name Index SWD Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index D Simpson index diversity Pi Proportional abundance values Loge Natural logarithm 3 PART I. Research rationale Agricultural biodiversity is the primary source of food production in agriculture by ensuring nutritional security and providing environmental and ecosystem services (Aerts et al., 2018); (Stone et al. The world's food demand (Global food demand- GFD) has increased significantly, and also GFD will be higher than the current situation in the future (Aborisade & Bach, 2014). Global demand for agricultural products is expected to double in the following decades due to the increase in population; the global population is projected to increase from 6.
So, increasing agricultural production towards sustainability is necessary to meet the required GFD and our ecosystem's sustainability. Indeed, biodiversity is vital to sustainable agriculture from food security, nutrition, and livelihoods viewpoints (Schmidt & Wei, 2006). Biodiversity especially insect is the basis and foundation of ecosystem services and is essential to sustainable agriculture and human well-being. The role of the insects are very vital crop pollination, nutrient recycling, pest and disease regulation.
On the other hand, Insects are strong, quickly adaptable animals with a high rate of fertility and a brief life cycle. The agroecology has been disrupted by humans, and changes in the climate throughout the world are affecting the insect environment.Environmental differences are intensified by the destruction of natural habitats, urbanization, pollution, and the use of pesticides in agroecosystems. Insects may extend their metamorphic phases, survivability, and rate of multiplication in response to by 4 both biotic (host, vegetative biodiversity, crowding, and dietary) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, and light) stressors (Khaliq et al. In the northern mountainous region of Vietnam, the province of Bac Kan is home to a variety of topographical features and habitat types that are rich in biodiversity.
The Bac Kan province is home to 1,792 plant species, 84 mammal species, 314 bird species, 69 amphibian-reptile species, 1,091 insect species, and 109 fish species, according to study data on biodiversity in 2015. Bac Kan province immediately concentrated on biodiversity conservation activities through the plan for conservation and sustainable development in the just past year in order to retain the value of the existing natural resources. However, in recent years, the promotion of the province's socioeconomic development activities has led to the degradation of the natural forest area, changes in land use, over exploitation of biological resources, and an increase in environmental pollution. Additionally, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, illegal mineral extraction, forest fires, unlawful shooting of birds and other animals, illegal fishing practices, and over-exploitation of forest products are all prohibited.
The research, however, mainly focused on the general insect composition and the composition of aquatic species on how much affects the level of biodiversity compared to previous year's studies, as it examined the biodiversity (insects and aquatic ) in the Bac Kan province recently. Research's objectives An approach that can address the rationale mentioned above is that the biodiversity is very important. Thus, it is not evident to suggest the best management options to protect in the natural resources especially biodiversity in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam. Therefore, the overall objectives of this study was to assess the biodiversity (Insects and aquatic species) in the Bac Kan province, Vietnam.
The specific objectives of this research are the following: 1) To evaluate the influence of social and economic factors on the preservation of biodiversity; 2) To assess the insect diversity form the Bac Kan province 3) To determine aquatic species form the Bac Kan province 1. Research questions and hypotheses This study had been expected to demonstrate how having different species in a Bac Kan community allows for stable ecological processes if species differ in how they react to environmental changes, allowing an increase in one species' abundance to provide for the reduction in another's. Thus, this research would like to answer the following questions: a)What effects do socioeconomic and ecological factors have on the preservation of biodiversity? b)What is the insect diversification from the different study sites of Bac Kan province? 6 c)What are the aquatic species of Bac Kan province? 1. Limitations This study has a few limitation such as very short period available for field data collection, the sampling intensity was too low.
Therefore, the results obtained from the field sampling cannot be generalized for the entire area. Addition, forests of all management regimes could not be found along single transect in the study. Definition of terms Biodiversity/biological diversity - Species, genetic, and ecological variety in a region; may also include related abiotic elements as climate, drainage patterns, and landscape features (Swingland, 2001). Diversity indices - measures that characterize the many aspects of biodiversity, including species richness (alpha diversity), beta and gamma diversity, endemic, and greater taxon richness (Swingland, 2001).
Macrophytes - plants that can be seen with the unaided eye and have at least one plant component that are perennial or sporadic growers in water settings (Haroon, 2022) 7 Simpson's Diversity Index - a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species (Oxford Reference Library, 2023). Shannon variety Index- the Shannon-Wiener Index, is a tool used to assess the species variety within a community (Keylock, 2005). Biodiversity Conservation Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, is the variety of living things found in all kinds of environments, such as terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, as well as the ecological systems to which they belong. It includes the diversity of all living forms on earth, which serves as the foundation for human existence and our capacity to adapt to future changes in the environment (FEPA, 2003).
Genetics, species, and the diversity in the environment are all components of biological diversity.