net http://www.net LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS LOS SOLUCIONARIOS CONTIENEN TODOS LOS EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS DE FORMA CLARA VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page i FLUID MECHANICS FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS www.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page ii McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Alciatore and Histand: Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Anderson: Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications Anderson: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Anderson: Introduction to Flight Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow Barber: Intermediate Mechanics of Materials Beer/Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers Beer/Johnston/DeWolf: Mechanics of Materials Borman and Ragland: Combustion Engineering Budynas: Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis Çengel and Boles: Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Çengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications Çengel and Turner: Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences Çengel: Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach Crespo da Silva: Intermediate Dynamics Dieter: Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach Dieter: Mechanical Metallurgy Doebelin: Measurement Systems: Application & Design Dunn: Measurement & Data Analysis for Engineering & Science EDS, Inc.: I-DEAS Student Guide Hamrock/Jacobson/Schmid: Fundamentals of Machine Elements Henkel and Pense: Structure and Properties of Engineering Material Heywood: Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Holman: Experimental Methods for Engineers Holman: Heat Transfer Hsu: MEMS & Microsystems: Manufacture & Design Hutton: Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis Kays/Crawford/Weigand: Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Kelly: Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations Kreider/Rabl/Curtiss: The Heating and Cooling of Buildings Mattingly: Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion Meirovitch: Fundamentals of Vibrations Norton: Design of Machinery Palm: System Dynamics Reddy: An Introduction to Finite Element Method Ribando: Heat Transfer Tools Schaffer et al.: The Science and Design of Engineering Materials Schey: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes Schlichting: Boundary-Layer Theory Shames: Mechanics of Fluids Shigley/Mischke/Budynas: Mechanical Engineering Design Smith: Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Stoecker: Design of Thermal Systems Suryanarayana and Arici: Design and Simulation of Thermal Systems Turns: An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Ugural: Stresses in Plates and Shells Ugural: Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach Ullman: The Mechanical Design Process Wark and Richards: Thermodynamics White: Fluid Mechanics White: Viscous Fluid Flow Zeid: Mastering CAD/CAM www.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iii FLUID MECHANICS FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS YUNUS A. ÇENGEL Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada, Reno JOHN M. CIMBALA Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University www.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page iv FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Donnelley Willard, OH Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Çengel, Yunus A. Fluid mechanics : fundamentals and applications / Yunus A.1'06—dc22 2004058767 CIP www.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page v Dedication To all students—In hopes of enhancing your desire and enthusiasm to explore the inner workings of our marvelous universe, of which fluid mechanics is a small but fascinating part; our hope is that this book enhances your love of learning, not only about fluid mechanics, but about life.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vi ABOUT THE AUTHORS Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.
in mechanical engineer- ing from Istanbul Technical University and his M. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His research areas are renewable energy, desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000.
He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. Çengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynam- ics: An Engineering Approach, 4th edition (2002), published by McGraw-Hill. He is also the author of the textbook Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition (2003), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal- Fluid Sciences, 2nd edition (2005), both published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Italian, and Greek.
Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excel- lence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Penn- sylvania State Univesity, University Park. He received his B.
in Aerospace Engineering from Penn State and his M. in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph. in Aeronautics from CalTech in 1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko, to whom he will be forever grateful.
His research areas include experimental and com- putational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air quality, and air pollution control. During the aca- demic year 1993–94, Professor Cimbala took a sabbatical leave from the Uni- versity and worked at NASA Langley Research Center, where he advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and turbulence modeling. Cimbala is the coauthor of the textbook Indoor Air Quality Engineer- ing: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), published by Marcel-Dekker, Inc. He has also contributed to parts of other books, and is the author or co-author of dozens of journal and conference papers.
More information can be found at www. Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS).net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page vii BRIEF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER TWO PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 CHAPTER THREE PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 CHAPTER FOUR FLUID KINEMATICS 121 CHAPTER FIVE MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 171 CHAPTER SIX MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 227 CHAPTER SEVEN DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269 CHAPTER EIGHT FLOW IN PIPES 321 CHAPTER NINE DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 399 CHAPTER TEN APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION 471 CHAPTER ELEVEN FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT 561 C H A P T E R T W E LV E COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 611 CHAPTER THIRTEEN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 679 CHAPTER FOURTEEN TURBOMACHINERY 735 CHAPTER FIFTEEN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 817 www.net cen72367_fm.qxd 11/23/04 11:22 AM Page viii CONTENTS Preface xv Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Raindrops Have in Common 31 Summary 30 CHAPTER ONE References and Suggested Reading 30 Problems 32 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1–1 Introduction 2 CHAPTER TWO What Is a Fluid? 2 Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35 1–2 The No-Slip Condition 6 2–1 Introduction 36 1–3 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 7 Continuum 36 1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 37 Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 9 Density of Ideal Gases 38 Internal versus External Flow 10 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2–3 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 39 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11 Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 41 Steady versus Unsteady Flow 11 2–5 Coefficient of Compressibility 42 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 12 Coefficient of Volume Expansion 44 1–5 System and Control Volume 14 2–6 Viscosity 46 1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 15 2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 51 Some SI and English Units 16 Capillary Effect 53 Dimensional Homogeneity 18 Unity Conversion Ratios 20 Summary 55 References and Suggested Reading 56 1–7 Mathematical Modeling of Engineering Problems 21 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 57 Modeling in Engineering 21 Problems 58 1–8 Problem-Solving Technique 22 Step 1: Problem Statement 22 CHAPTER THREE Step 2: Schematic 23 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 23 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65 Step 4: Physical Laws 23 Step 5: Properties 23 3–1 Pressure 66 Step 6: Calculations 23 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 23 Pressure at a Point 67 Variation of Pressure with Depth 68 1–9 Engineering Software Packages 24 3–2 The Manometer 71 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 25 FLUENT 26 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 74 1–10 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 26 3–3 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 75 3–4 Introduction to Fluid Statics 78 www.net cen72367_fm.