Downloaded From : www.net A TEXTBOOK OF FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES in SI UNITS Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net MULTICOLOUR EDITION A TEXTBOOK OF FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES in SI UNITS Er.), Gold Medallist; Grad. (India) Recipient of: ‘‘Best Teacher (Academic) Award’’ ‘‘Distinguished Author Award’’ “Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Gold Medal’’ for an outstanding research paper (Institution of Engineers–India) Principal (Formerly): Thapar Polytechnic College; Punjab College of Information Technology, PATIALA S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. (AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY) RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055 Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.
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No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photo copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice. Jurisdiction : All desputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only. First Edition 1998 Subsequent Editions and Reprints 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 (Twice), 2009 (Twice), 2010 (Twice), 2011 Fully Revised Multicolour Edition 2013 ISBN : 81-219-1666-6 Code : 10A 185 printed in india By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055 and published by S.
Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055. Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net To my wife Ramesh Rajput Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION I am pleased to present the Fifth Edition of this book. The warm reception, which the previous editions and reprints of this book have enjoyed all over India and abroad has been a matter of satisfaction to me. Besides revising the whole book two new chapters numbered 17 in “Fluid Mechanics” (Part – I) and 8 in “Hydraulic Machines” (Part – II), the title of both being “Universities’ Questions (Latest) with Solutions”, have been added separately to update the book comprehensively.
I’m thankful to the Management Team and the Editorial Department of S. Chand & Company Ltd. for all help and support in the publication of this book. Any suggestions for the improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged and incorporated in the next edition.
Rajput (Author) Disclaimer : While the author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and has used his skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of his capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.
Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual. Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The main object of writing this book on the subject of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines is to present to the student community, a book which should contain compre- hensive treatment of the subject matter in simple, lucid and direct language and envelope a large number of solved problems properly graded, including typical examples, from examination point of view. The book comprises 22 chapters and is divided into two parts: Part I deals with ‘Fluid Mechanics’ while Part II deals with ‘Hydraulic Machines’ (Fluid Power Engineering).
All chapters of the book are saturated with much needed text supported by simple and self- explanatory figures and large number of Worked Examples including Typical Examples (for competitive examinations). At the end of each chapter Highlights, Objective Type Questions, Theoretical Questions and Unsolved Examples have been added to make the book a compre- hensive and a complete unit in all respects. The book will prove to be a boon to the students preparing for engineering under- graduate, AMIE Section B (India) and competitive examinations. The author’s thanks are due to his wife Ramesh Rajput for extending all cooperation during preparation of the manuscript.
In the end the author wishes to express his gratitude to Shri Ravindra Kumar Gupta, Director, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, for taking a lot of pains in bringing out the book, with extremely good presentation, in a short span of time. Although every care has been taken to make the book free of errors both in the text as well as solved examples, yet the author shall feel obliged if errors present are brought to his notice. Constructive criticism of the book will be warmly received.
Rajput (Author) Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net NOMENCLATURE a Acceleration A Area As Area of suction pipe, surge tank Ad Area of delivery pipe B Width of wheel (turbine) b Width, bed width of rectangular or trapezoidal channel cp Specific heat at constant pressure CP Centipoise Cv Specific heat at constant volume C Chezy’s discharge coefficient C Celerity of a pressure wave Cc Coefficient of contraction Cd Discharge coefficient of weirs, orifice plates CD Drag coefficient CD Local drag coefficient Cv Coefficient of velocity d Diameter of orifice plate, pipe, particle D Diameter of pipe, wheel dd Diameter of delivery pipe ds Diameter of suction pipe e Linear strain E Young’s modulus of elasticity of material f Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient, frequency F Force FB Force exerted by boundary on the fluid FD Drag force on the body FL Lift force Fr Froude number g Gravitational acceleration h Piezometric head, specific enthalpy hd Delivery head hf Frictional loss of head hs Suction head Hg Gross head H Total energy head, net head had Acceleration head for delivery pipe has Acceleration head for suction pipe I Moment of inertia (of area), moment of inertia (of mass) ld Length of delivery pipe ls Length of suction pipe ld´ Length of delivery pipe between cylinder to air vessel ls´ Length of suction pipe between cylinder and air vessel Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net k Roughness height K Conveyance K Head loss coefficient, bulk modulus of elasticity, blade friction coefficient Kt Vane thickness factor Ku Speed ratio Kf Flow ratio m Mass M Momentum, Mach number n ratio B/D N Manning’s roughness coefficient, revolutions per minute Ns Specific speed p, ps Pressure, stagnation pressure P Power, shaft power (turbine), Poise, force q Discharge per unit width, discharge per jet Q Discharge, heat r Distance from the centre R Radius of pipe, hydraulic radius, radius of pipe bend Ro Universal gas constant Re Reynolds number S Specific gravity, bed slope of channel t Thickness, time T Absolute temperature in Kelvins T Torque, water surface width u Instantaneous velocity at a point in X-direction uf Shear friction velocity U Free stream velocity Vd Velocity of flow in delivery pipe V Velocity of flow in the cylinder Vs Velocity of flow in suction pipe v Instantaneous velocity at a point in Y-direction v Specific volume vc Critical velocity Va Velocity of approach v Time averaged velocity at a point in Y-direction Vr Relative velocity Vf Velocity of flow (in turbines and pumps) Vw Velocity of swirl (in turbines and pumps) V Volume w Weight density, Instantaneous velocity at a point in Z-direction W Weight of fluid, workdone x Distance in X-direction y Distance in Y-direction, depth of flow yc Critical depth x– Depth of centroid of area below water surface Z Number of buckets/vanes z elevation Downloaded From : www.net Downloaded From : www.net Greek Notations α Energy correction factor, Mach angle, angle β Momentum correction factor, angle γ Ratio of specific heats δ Boundary layer thickness δ´ Laminar sub-layer thickness δ Displacement thickness of boundary layer *∆s Change in entropy η Efficiency, dimensionless distance (y/δ) θ Angle, momentum thickness of boundary layer µ Coefficient of dynamic viscosity ν Kinematic viscosity ρ Mass density of fluid σ Coefficient of surface tension, cavitation number (Thoma number) τ Shear stress τ0 Bottom shear stress φ Angle, velocity potential ψ Stream function ω Angular velocity Γ Circulation Ω Vorticity Subscript 0 refer to any quantity at reference section Subscripts 1, 2 refer to any quantity at section 1 or 2 Subscripts x, y, z refer to any quantity in x, y, z direction Subscripts m, p refer to any quantity in model and prototype Subscript r refer to the ratio of any quantity in model to that in prototype. Downloaded From : www.