THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ELLA ARANDIA ELEJORDE THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ON THE STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE MANGROVE MANAGEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PALAPAG, NORTHERN SAMAR, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advance Education Program Office Batch: K49 - AEP Thai Nguyen, 26/11/2021 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Ella A. Elejorde Student ID DTN1754290035 Thesis Title THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ON THE STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE MANGROVE MANAGEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PALAPAG, NORTHERN SAMAR, PHILIPPINES Supervisor Dr. Duong Hong Viet Supervisor's Signature Abstract: Mangrove forest is known as the “rainforest of the sea” since it is abundant and widely distributed along the coasts of tropical and subtropical countries across the globe. However, it is also considered as one of the most severely threatened and undervalued ecosystems due to natural and anthropogenic activities.
Palapag is part of the province Northern Samar, which is known for its richness in mangroves in the region of Eastern Visayas, Philippines. With the continuous destruction of mangrove forests, mangrove management should be implemented in every stakeholder. The study will determine if the socio-demographic background of stakeholders will influence their perception in mangrove management in their municipality through correlating the variables from randomly selected respondents. By identifying and acknowledging stakeholders’ diverse point-of-view, it can serve as a key factor to develop and apply resilient and effective strategies towards mangrove conservation and management globally.
Keywords: Mangrove Forests; Mangrove Management; Socio-Demographic; Bivariate Correlation; Stakeholders’ Perception; Palapag, Northern Samar Number of Pages: 123 Date of Submission: 26th of November 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher wants to express her utmost gratitude and deepest appreciation to God Almighty, who keeps on giving her blessings in guiding her and giving her wisdom all throughout her journey in conducting this research study. To her family Edmund A. Elejorde who keeps on supporting her through emotionally and financially. Thank you for unending love, support, and prayers since day 1.
To my thesis advisor Dr. Duong Hong Viet of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, thank you for giving her ideas and assistance throughout this research study. Sincerest thank you to all respondents who invest their time answering the questionnaire especially to the Mayor of Palapag, Hon. Batula and staff, to Hon.
Migueil Bojaguin of Manajao, Hon. Orio of Binay, Ms. Dolorita Eder Gorembalem of Sumuroy Agro-Industrial School, and all the people especially to her relatives who helped her to accomplish her agenda in Palapag, Northern Samar. To Sumulong Memorial High School and Advance Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for giving her the opportunity to study abroad and explore her environment outside her comfort zone.
To her professors for teaching and sharing knowledge, for guiding the class in academics, and for letting them experience how real life will be. To the batch K49 Environmental Science and Management - AEP for sharing beautiful memories and knowledge. For reminding her that not everything is a competition, that it's better to work together to accomplish and have a better outcome. And it’s okay if there are people who can’t appreciate everything you did, as long as you know that you did your best.
To all friends, especially Filipino friends, for unforgettable memories and being her family in Vietnam and for always being there through ups and downs of her journey. The author got this far because of you all, who pushed her to pursue her goals, who are always there for her through ups and downs, and who give lessons in life. Words are not enough to express the gratitude and how blessed the author is to have you all. May the Lord bless all of you.
Elejorde TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures i List of Tables ii List of Abbreviations iv List of Appendices v PART I. Limitations 3 PART II. Mangroves in the Philippines 4 2. Values of Mangrove Forests 5 2.
Human Effects - Exploitation 7 2. Legislation and Management 8 2. Related Study 10 PART III. Selection of participants 13 3.
Determination of variables 14 3. Bivariate correlation analysis 15 3. Cross-tabular analysis 15 PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 4.
Analysis of the Socio-Demographic of the Respondents 16 4. Relationship between their Socio-Demographic Variables 18 and their Perception towards the Value of Mangroves 4. Relationship between their Socio-Demographic Variables 25 and their Perception towards the Threats to Mangroves 4. Relationship between their Socio-Demographic Variables 31 and their Perception towards the Mangrove Management 4.
Relationship between their Socio-Demographic Variables and their 37 Perception towards the Alternatives in Conserving and Managing Mangroves PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 41 5. Conclusion 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICES 49 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. Map of Palapag, Northern Samar, Philippines 12 Figure 3.
Research Method Diagram 13 Figure 4. Number of Respondents based on their Sex 16 Figure 4. Number of Respondents based on their Age 17 Figure 4. Number of Respondents based on their Barangay 17 Figure 4.
Number of Respondents based on their Occupation 18 i LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Comparison of direct use values of mangrove forests 6 in Bohol and Palawan (2013) Table 2.2: Example of ecosystem goods and services provided 7 by mangroves (adapted from Farley et at (2010)) Table 2.3: Philippine Fishery Law relevant to mangroves 8 Table 2.4: Philippine Environmental Law relevant to mangroves 9 Table 4.1: Interpretation Table of Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficients 18 Table 4.2: Correlation between their sex and their perception 19 towards the values of mangroves Table 4.3: Correlation between their age and their perception 20 towards the values of mangroves Table 4.4: Correlation between their barangay and their perception 22 towards the values of mangroves Table 4.5: Correlation between their occupation and their perception 24 towards the values of mangroves Table 4.6: Correlation between their sex and their perception 26 towards the threats to mangroves Table 4.7: Correlation between their age and their perception 27 towards the threats to mangroves Table 4.8: Correlation between their barangay and their perception 29 towards the threats to mangroves Table 4.9: Correlation between their occupation and their perception 30 towards the threats to mangroves Table 4.10: Correlation between their sex and their perception 32 towards the mangrove management Table 4.11: Correlation between their age and their perception 33 towards the mangrove management ii Table 4.12: Correlation between their barangay and their perception 34 towards the mangrove management Table 4.13: Correlation between their occupation and their perception 36 towards the mangrove management Table 4.14: Correlation between their sex and their perception 37 towards the alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Table 4.15: Correlation between their age and their perception 38 towards the alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Table 4.16: Correlation between their barangay and their perception 39 towards the alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Table 4.17: Correlation between their occupation and their perception 40 towards the alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AO - Administrative Order BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DAO - DENR Administrative Order DENR - Department of Natural Resources DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development EO - Executive Order FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization FLA - Fishpond Lease Agreement LGU - Local Government Unit MNR - Ministry of Natural Resources PAMS - Philippine Association of Marine Scientists PD - Presidential Decree RA - Republic Act iv LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I: Recommendation Letters Appendix I.A: Recommendation Letter from PENRO 50 Appendix I.B: Recommendation Letter from CENRO Pambujan 51 Appendix II: Request Letters Appendix II.A: Request Letter for the Mayor of Palapag, Northern Samar 53 Appendix II.B: Request Letter for the Principal of 54 Sumuroy Agro-Industrial School Appendix III: Questionnaire Appendix III.A: Questionnaire in English 56 Appendix III.B: Questionnaire in Filipino 63 Appendix IV: Cross-Tabular Analysis Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their sex and 73 their perception towards the values of mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their age and 75 their perception towards the values of mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their barangay and 77 their perception towards the values of mangroves Appendix IV.
Cross-tabular analysis between their occupation and 81 their perception towards the values of mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their sex and 85 their perception towards the threats to mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their age and 87 their perception towards the threats to mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their barangay and 89 their perception towards the threats to mangroves Appendix IV.
Cross-tabular analysis between their occupation and 92 their perception towards the threats to mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their sex and 95 their perception towards the mangrove management v Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their age and 97 their perception towards the mangrove management Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their barangay and 99 their perception towards the mangrove management Appendix IV.
Cross-tabular analysis between their occupation and 102 their perception towards the mangrove management Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their sex and 105 their perception towards alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their age and 106 their perception towards alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Appendix IV. Cross-tabular analysis between their barangay and 107 their perception towards alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves Appendix IV.
Cross-tabular analysis between their occupation and 109 their perception towards alternatives in conserving and managing mangroves vi PART I. Research rationale Mangrove forests are known as the “rainforest of the sea” (Viray-Mendoza, 2017) because it is abundant and widely distributed along the coasts of tropical and subtropical countries across the globe (Choong et al. In 2001, it was estimated that there 70 distinct mangrove species in the world (Mangrove Science Database, n.d), which covers roughly 17,000,000 hectares all over the world (Valiela et al. Even though their habitat is in the salty soils, mangroves adapt to these challenging conditions through different methods in dealing with salt and prove that they are different from most woody plants that consider salty soils inhabitable.
Since there are mangroves use different methods in dealing with salt, scientists classified it as either secretors - those that push salt out through special pores or salt glands within their leaves like Avicennia germinans, and non-secretors - those that block and exclude the salt from entering their vascular system like Rhizophora and Bruguiera (The Ocean Portal, 2018). Mangrove forests are considered as important coastal resources, since it is vital to our socio-economic development considering that it provides us numerous benefits such as economic benefits (supply forest and fishery products, etc.); ecological services (protecting the coast from UV-B radiation, reducing “greenhouse effects”, minimizing the fury of cyclones, mitigating the fury of tsunami, controlling the flood, preventing coastal erosion, deepening the creeks, etc.); biomass and litter production (contribution in global carbon cycle); litter decomposition and nutrient enrichment; food webs and energy fluxes and interaction with other coastal ecosystems; influence other coastal ecosystems (protection to marine ecosystem) (Kathiresan, 2012). Mangrove forests are considered one of the most severely threatened and undervalued ecosystems on Earth due to natural phenomena and human activities (I 124UCN, n.) like due to the increase in human population, more people nearby the mangrove forest became directly and indirectly dependent on mangroves as it provided numerous benefits such as food, fuel, wood or even housing materials resulting in the 1 decrease in its population (Sarmiento, 2018). By that, there are numerous programs pertaining to mangrove forest restoration that are mostly led by the local government under the provision of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines.
However, due to lack of science-based approach guidelines, numerous mangrove reforestation projects that have been implemented were unsuccessful (Primavera & Esteban, 2008).