THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY GIO SERAFIN IVAN JIMENEZ MARCAIDA Socioeconomic Determinants on Crop Diversity of Home Gardens. Case study of Buot Village in Son La Province. BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Batch: K49 KH&QLMT Thai Nguyen, 08/02/2023 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Gio Serafin Ivan Jimenez Marcaida Student ID DTN1854250009 Thesis Title Socio-economic Determinants on Crop Diversity of Home Garden. Case study of Buot Village in Son La Province.
Trương Thị Ánh Tuyết Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: As sustainable practice is at the front of agriculture an improvement in production has been demanded. A focus on crop diversity as one solution for current agriculture practices. We studied a village in Viet Nam to see the crops condition, structure and composition and identify its socioeconomic characteristic. This paper is designed to show 3 factors; the commonly found crops in the village, the current condition of the crop diversity of the village of Buot, Son La Province and the socioeconomic factor that affects the status of crop diversity.
To calculate the garden level crop diversity, three indices (Species richness, Shannon-Wiener Index, Simpsons’ diversity index) were used together with the analysis of socioeconomics characteristics effects on crop diversity. Overall, crop diversity was average, but the village had more desirable diversity. This indicates that, while common diversity indices may look interchangeable in basic analyses, the choice of index can radically impact the interpretation of results when complex relationships are considered. Socioeconomics Determinants, Crop Diversity, Home gardens, Diversity Index, Agrobiodiversity, Son La province Keywords: Number of pages: 56 Date of Submission: July 14, 2023 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Facea prima, I want to thank my God for the wonderful health and well-being that allowed me to finish this book.
I would want to express my outmost heartfelt gratitude to Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry- Advanced Education Program, Principal of the Faculty, for providing me with all of the research facilities. I would like to express my overwhelming gratitude to Mrs. Ly Thi Thuy Duong, Director of the Faculty, for her constant encouragement and friendly reminder. I also like to thank Dr.
Trương Thị Ánh Tuyết, a lecturer in the Department of Advanced Education Program. I am really grateful and beholden to her for sharing her experience as well as her genuine and important advice and support. I would want to take this opportunity to thank all the researchers who contributed their time, knowledge, and effort. I would also want to thank my parents for their never-ending encouragement, support, and care.
I am also grateful to some of the folks who have helped me on my trip here in Vietnam. I would also want to express my appreciation to everyone who has helped with this project, directly or indirectly. iii TABLE OF CONTENT List of Figures. 1 List of Tables.
Research questions and hypotheses. Organization of the study. Error! Bookmark not defined. Definitions and Concepts.
Error! Bookmark not defined. General Agriculture Condition of Vietnam. Biodiversity of Vietnam’s Crops. Overview of the definitions of socioeconomic status and crop diversity.
Current State of Research. Error! Bookmark not defined. Implications for Sustainable Agriculture. Key Findings, Gaps, and Controversies in the LiteratureError! Bookmark not defined.
Implications for Future Research. Error! Bookmark not defined. Sampling Selection & Data Collection. Crop species found in gardens.
Crop Diversity of Home Gardens. Socioeconomic characteristic of the sample. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. State of Crops and diversity.
Crops importance and values. Socioeconomic Factors influences in Vietnam. Comparison of Biodiversity Index. 44 Annex A Sets of household surveys used in the study.
44 Annex B Bio data of the researcher. 47 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Shows the crop diversity of Vietnam. shows the benefits of crop diversification illustrated by CIRAD.
Shows the theoretical framework of the study. Show the location of the study area, in Buot Village, Son La Province 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Cultivated Area and Productivity of Major Crop in Vietnam. Number of Popular Crop Plant Species in Vietnam Table 3.
Socioeconomic Factor Table 4. List Of the Crop’s Family Classification Seen in The Home Gardens Table5. Category of Crops Species Found. Crop Diversity Data Table 7.
Demographic Characteristics of The Sample 2 ABBREVIATION 1.- Vuon - Ao - Chuong (VAC) system 2. MARD- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 3. SWI- Shannon Weiner Index 4. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization 5.
MONRE – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 6. CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement. JICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency 8. ACIAR - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 3 PART I.
Research rationale Given the increase of population around 9 billion individuals (Godfray et al., 2010), a revision model of agriculture systems to more sustainable practices has been demanded. Agriculture intensification has greatly increased yield over the last 50 years; nevertheless, it has also exacerbated habitat loss and caused pollution from fertilizers and pesticide, endangering natural biodiversity (Tilman et al. One of the current focuses on agriculture problems is the increase of sustainable agriculture practices. There have been a lot of studies on the negative effects in traditional practices (e.
mono- cropping depletion of nutrients, water overuse, and loss of biodiversity). One way of practicing sustainable agriculture is crop diversification. the practices of adding diverse crops to existing cropping systems (Adjimoti et al. Crop diversification is increasing due to the world in favor of more competitive and high- valued crops (Kemboi et al.
Crop diversification has always been seen as a solution for the current agriculture system. To which it has been pointed out that there is great result in doing this practice. The significance of diversity in agriculture extends beyond production having positive effects such as food distribution, climate change buffering and pest, diseases, and weed control (Faramarzy et al., 2019; Philpott et al. Crop diversification has its importance on the negative environmental impact of traditional agriculture (Cutforth et al., 2001) cited on the following: contributes ecological 4 services e., pollination and pest control (Garibaldi et al., 2013; Redlich et al., 2018), increases the production stability (Kasem & Thapa, 2011), buffers climate change by lowering the CO2 atmosphere levels (Lin, 2011).
In Vietnam, country which the study area was conducted, there is a diverse contribution of crop varieties. In Vietnam, though, the domination of rice and land policies that constrains farms, crop diversity still exist (Nguyen, 2017). Furthermore, the fauna and flora of India- Myanmar, South China, and Indo-Malaysia meet in Vietnam, making it one of the world's richest biodiversity hotspots. It is home to 10% of all species on the planet although accounting for only 1% of the total landmass (MARD 2002).
Numerous investigations have revealed the existence of about 13,000 plant species, belonging to 3,500 taxa and 500 families, 60% of which originated in Vietnam (Ha Dinh Tuan et al. Vietnam reflects on the country is diverse range of agroecological conditions and the importance of agriculture to the economy and culture of the country (Trinh et., 2003) Home gardens contribute to food security for rural residents and disadvantaged farmers. Gardens can be thought of as a buffer that keeps rural livelihoods sustainable (Santos et al. Home gardens help to protect the environment.
Home gardens supply a large portion of the vegetables and fruits sold in local markets. Their produce is pure because there is almost no pesticide use in gardening, which benefits both the environment and public health (Galhena et al. 5 In terms of economics, the household garden is regarded as one of the activities that contribute to family income, as well as a homework assignment for women and elderly men who used to care for and perform these activities (Gautam and Andersen, 2016). This customary conduct evolved throughout time.
The socioeconomic features represented in the new ages' perception of farming as a tool for refreshment and environmental preservation, as well as their willingness to shift lifestyle (Trinth et al. The economic potential of home gardens is enormous. Farmers in Northern Vietnam earn a lot of money by growing litchi and longan in their backyards. Northern Vietnam's home gardens are distinguished by three types of plant genetic resources: tropical, subtropical, and temperate (Dao & Vu, 2019).
Buot Village is a rural area located in Son La Province known for its agricultural land that is used for Ecotourism and because agriculture is a beknown (Dong Rung Cooperatives, 2022). A study to this site is necessary to improve self-sufficiency of homeowners and adoption of sustainable agriculture practices to instill the SDG’s. Research’s objectives A research study was design to assess the crops’ diversity to determine if its values have an effect to its socioeconomic status as a determinant. The study’s general and specific objectives e following: General objective: To identify the crop diversity of home garden and corelate the socioeconomic status as a possible determinant of the diversification.
To determine the most common crop species in home gardens of the Buot Village in Son La Province 2. To calculate and compare the species diversity using three indices (species richness, Shannon Wiener index and Simpsons diversity index) of the study area. To identify the socioeconomic status effecting the crop diversity of Buot Village in Son La Province through data. Research questions and hypotheses The objective of the study was to identify the crop diversity of home gardens and correlate the socioeconomic status as a possible determinant of crop diversification.
What was the scale of crop diversity in the home gardens in Buot Village? 2. What species were the most important in the home garden? 3. What does the species depict about Buot village’s socioeconomic status? Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 1. There is no diversity in crops at the home gardens in Buot Village.
There are no important species being grown in the village of the home gardens in Buot Village. There is no significance between the socioeconomic status and crop diversity of Buot Village. There is diversity in crops at home gardens in Buot Village. There are important species being grown in the village of the home gardens in Buot Village.
There is a significance between the socioeconomic status and crop diversity of Buot Village. Limitations The population size is around 50 households and sample size are 39. The data processed for the multiple linear regression was 20 due to the practice of data imputation. Thus, lessening the number of data to correlate with the crop diversity index.
The selection of the study area was due to a focus on the practices of this village. Another problem was the members of the team identified all the possible crop species in the field due to the practice of direct observation and no other instrument was used. Crop diversification – used as a term to expound a sustainable practice, that promotes multiple crops in a designated area fitted for crops. It implies the practices that allot multiple crops to grow in a promoting a sustainable practice.
Socioeconomic status - the term is comprised of measurements of an individual or families’ work experience, social and economic position in relation to their work. Determinants - a factor or because that makes something happen or leads directly to a decision. Open survey - the collecting of "as-is" field data for use in design or construction to create accurate project plans, specifications, and estimates. Family Classification - is one of the eight main taxonomic hierarchies.
Practicing taxonomists propose and assess whether a described family should be recognized at all. Organization of the study The thesis is arranged as follows. The practices of agriculture in Vietnam are shown in the next section. The effect of socioeconomic impact on crop diversification is explained in the section that follows.
