Teaching English To Young Learners: Seventh International TEYL Research Seminar Papers 2011 Edited by Annie Hughes and Nicole Taylor Department of Education 1 Contents Annie Hughes Forward Page 3 To what extent can the use of authentic illustrated Page 4 Geneffa Ahmed Virjee English storybooks for 9 year old French learners of English as a Foreign Language in a primary school in France, be a means for increasing oral recall of lexical items and chunks of language in English? Ruth Benvegnen Does learning Cognitive Vocabulary Learning Page 18 Strategies lead to more Young Learners recalling and spelling vocabulary more effectively? Caroline Diyani Can the use of puppets and Victorian half-masks Page 29 affect a group of 10-11 year-old French Learners’ perception of their confidence when presenting role plays in English? Jane Maria To what extent does singing, chanting and rhythmic Page 36 Harding da Rosa work help 8/9 year old Portuguese learners develop their intonation in one lesson? How does the use of learning aims, success criteria, Page 49 Jocelyn Tan Shi Yah peer and self-assessment in writing lessons drawn from a class of forty, nine to ten year old pupils, in a Singaporean primary school affect pupils’ achievement in writing? 2 Foreword I am delighted to write this forward for the seventh set of TEYL Research Seminar Papers. The past six sets of papers have given those of us involved in TEYL a lot of food for thought and have also led more recent students on the MA in TEYL to follow similar Action Research projects – which shows both a great link with former students’ research and their own and a link to the wider community of TEYL practice. This set of papers is no less valuable and fascinating. Each paper touches on something very close to my pedagogic heart, including using authentic English storybooks; the use of cognitive vocabulary learning strategies; the use of puppets and masks; singing, chanting and rhythmic work in EFL classes; language aims, success criteria, peer and self-assessment.
There is a dearth of research linked to TEYL and all our graduates and invited speakers at the Research Seminars give us so much to help fill this gap. Though these research projects are, on the whole, small, they can often point to ways of gaining a deeper understanding of how our young learners are learning, how we can help them learn and the sorts of activities and resources that might support and extend this learning. I do hope you enjoy these papers as much as we did when they were presented and that you gain as much from them as we did. The work involved in the action research projects these graduates carried out was detailed and time-consuming – even though the actual action research projects may not have lasted very long, they all created a mountain of data to be interpreted and analysed.
I’d like to thank those graduate researchers for submitting these written versions of their papers so that many other people can read about and share their work and discoveries. Best wishes to TEYLers everywhere Annie Dr. Annie Hughes Department of Educational Studies Langwith College University of York annie.uk 3 This Material is Copyright © Department of Education, University of York 2011 To what extent can the use of authentic illustrated English storybooks for 9 year old French learners of English as a Foreign Language in a primary school in France, be a means for increasing oral recall of lexical items and chunks of language in English? Geneffa Ahmed Virjee Introduction This action research (AR) project was carried out over three months (November 2010 – February 2011) with a mixed gender class of 31 French-speaking nine-year old learners. These fourth year primary learners only learn English as a foreign language having had 45 minute weekly English initiation classes involving games and songs for four years since first year primary, and have very little exposure to English outside school, being limited to the small local English speaking community.
The research focus involves the investigation of different means of exposing the learners to authentic oral English using illustrated storybooks as a base and trampoline for oral exercises and activities with the purpose of attempting to increase recall of lexis and chunks of language introduced through the stories. The researcher has attempted to use a variety of teaching techniques in order to respond to as many different learning styles as possible with the purpose of maximizing the possibility of recall. Overview of the AR A pilot project permitted investigating the researcher's hypothesis concerning the issue of recall and testing various data collection tools, these being a learner questionnaire concerning learning English, and a comprehension test relating to an illustrated story. The results of monitoring implementation and effects and carrying out Reconnaissance, “fact finding and analysis” (Elliott 1991:7), permitted commencing the AR (November 2010) which was conducted over three cycles using three different authentic illustrated storybooks for children.
At the end of each cycle, data collection through triangulation permitted monitoring implementation and effects and carrying out Reconnaissance, “explaining any failure to implement, and effects” (Elliott 1991:71). The action was modified accordingly in order to proceed to the next cycle and step. Rationale The general plan of this AR includes the oral presentation of three different authentic illustrated storybooks for children, and was developed through the initial idea that learners do 4 This Material is Copyright © Department of Education, University of York 2011 not seem to focus sufficiently on the target language (English) resulting in difficulty recalling lexical items and chunks of language. An initial questionnaire where learners commented that English was difficult to understand and speak and that their favourite activity would be listening (Ecouter) with speaking in second place (Parler) seemed to confirm this hypothesis.
It was hoped that through listening to authentic English stories relating to their interests and concerns and engaging in activities related to the stories, learners‟ concentration would be enhanced and consequently greater focus on lexis and chunks of language would lead to increased recall. For Piaget the child passes through stages of development, 2-7 years being the pre- operational stage where thought is more flexible and memory and imagination become more active, and above 7 until adolescence being in the formal operational stage where abstract reasoning takes an increasingly active role (Williams and Burden 1997:21-22). Using authentic illustrated storybooks hoped to permit capitalizing on and developing these emerging abilities. Comprehending messages involves storing meaning and Illustrated stories provide context for listening comprehension making “the task of recalling the information” (Nunan 1991: 18) much easier.
Focusing on lexis through a variety of activities linked to a particular context permits shaping language as it is bound to the context and purpose for which it is used (Nunan 1991: 19). According to Krashen‟s affective filter hypothesis “the best acquisition will occur in environments where anxiety is low and defensiveness absent” (Brown 2000:279) illustrated storybooks seem to provide this, being “motivating, challenging and fun and can help develop positive attitudes” (Brewster et al., 2002:186) and games enable young learners “to practice the foreign language in a relaxed and enjoyable way” (Brewster et al. Storybooks and oral question/answer games in SLA seem to enable providing comprehensible input a little above the learner's language level; this zone of proximal development is the level of competence achievable through the help of adults or more capable peers (Vygotsky 1978:86). The stories involve language a little beyond the nine-year-old learners‟ present level of competence each story content being complimentary and building on the previous, corresponding to Krashen's input hypothesis whereby “speech will emerge once the acquirer has built up enough comprehensible input” (Brown 2000:278).
5 This Material is Copyright © Department of Education, University of York 2011 The question/answer games require learners to negotiate meaning; SLA can be facilitated if the learners engage actively in communication extracting “adequate meaning from aural messages by focusing on lexis and extra linguistic information” (Nunan 1991:51) and can develop verbal and non-verbal (e. illustrations) learner “strategies for inferring the meaning of new words from the context” (Nunan 199:121). The researcher‟s use of “Scaffolding” is the “mentors assistance as the learner advances in knowledge and understanding” (Maybin et al., 1992:186); the researcher explains communicative/comprehension strategies including recognising similar words in English and French differing in pronunciation (e.), paying attention to gestures and expression in the reader's voice and leaning on known words to infer meaning. Data collection Data collection attempts to provide quantitative, qualitative, introspective, empirical, individual (directly only involving the researcher), complimentary and minimally intrusive data, obtained using a variety of collection methods and through triangulation, attempting to ensure reliability (Wallace 1998:261), and validity (Hopkins 2008:139).
Data collection tools include audio recordings, questionnaires, class interviews, a class survey, the action research journal (ARJ), learner self-assessment exercises, comprehension tests, informal and formal oral tests and a self-assessment questionnaire. Ethics and protocol involved obtaining permission to conduct the research from the appropriate authorities, explaining its reasons and ensuring confidentiality and anonymity to all those involved (Hopkins 2008:203) obtaining parental consent for filling in questionnaires (appendix 20) and ensuring the presence of the class teacher for interviews (MA in TEYL Handbook 2009:32-33). Research Methodology and Procedures The storybooks The storybooks read aloud to the learners provide the framework for the AR, having been carefully selected in terms of topic of interest for the learners, the quality of illustrations, and content type suitable for learner conceptual and foreign language level (Brewster et al., 2002:189-191), each book varying in difficulty concerning lexis. The first book, “When The TV Broke” (Ziefert 1989), is the least challenging, building learner confidence; the second book, “On the Way Home” (Murphy 2007), is more challenging bringing new lexis and chunks of language; the third book “I am a school” (Thomson 1977) is the most challenging.
6 This Material is Copyright © Department of Education, University of York 2011 The Baseline This involved understanding the learners present level of oral English in order to gather qualitative and a quantitative data (Wallace 1998:258-259) with which to compare results at the conclusion and to identify the type of lexis and chunks of language which were being recalled in order to ensure that the stories would be complimentary to this vocabulary, be linguistically adequate, and would enable building upon the learners present competence. Quantitative data was gathered through a self-assessment exercise requiring learners to write down within five minutes any number of English words or chunks of language they could remember. Cycle One A questionnaire permitted understanding learner attitudes concerning learning English. Prior to the three oral readings of “When the TV broke” (Ziefert 1989), the researcher taught the pronouns in English (I, you .), the verb “be” (I am, you are .) and the question form (what, when .) in preparation for all three stories.
At each reading the learners were clearly shown the illustrations with the researcher designating particular images while reading expressively and occasionally using gestures and mine to convey meaning (Brewster et al., 2002:197); no explanation was given in French or English, promoting maximum focus on English. Learners completed a comprehension test to focus attention on lexis; this was marked immediately. Learners were encouraged to speak spontaneously about the story and participate in a question/answer game with the researcher asking questions. With reference to the ARJ, the test results, audio recordings of spontaneous language and a class interview, the action was modified for cycle 2 to include a new story and activities/tasks involving creative learning styles to cater for less performant learners.
Cycle Two This involved three oral readings of the story “on the Way Home” (Murphy 2007). Before the first reading, the learners were shown the cover page of the book to inspire them to draw a picture and invent a corresponding phrase, to be presented to the class. The words “I found… I saw… I heard… I smelt…” were written on the blackboard and were explained together with the title, in French, in order to support the learners.