MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THUYLOI UNIVERSITY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN ISLAND TO ENVIRONMENT CHANGE A CASE STUDY IN PHU QUOC ISLAND – KIEN GIANG PROVINCE NGUYEN TIEN QUANG MSc Thesis on Integrated Water Resources Management May 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THUYLOI UNIVERSITY NGUYEN TIEN QUANG VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER REOURCES IN ISLAND TO ENVIRONMENT CHANGE A CASE STUDY IN PHU QUOC ISLAND – KIEN GIANG PROVINCE Major: Integrated Water Resources Management THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE. Dr Pham Thi Minh Thu 2. Huynh Phu This reseacrch is done for the partial fulfilment of requirement for Master of Science Degree at Thuy Loi University (This Mater Programme is supported by NICHE – VNM 106 Project) May 2015 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statement Water is our most precious resource.
However, in recent years, water has become degraded in both quantity and quality. This situation is placing challenges and requires a worldwide effort in the use and sustainable management of water resources. The provision of water supply and sanitation has improved living conditions; in addition, the implementation of social justice and educational approaches, especially for women and children, are also contributing to the success of the enactment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The development status of the Island, the isolation characteristic, the distance between neighboring islands, between islands and the mainland, the change of the environment, climate change, changes in rainfall, etc.
are the challenges of water resources management. The Island, located in the lower floor of the Southwestern area, is a vulnerable area to climate change and sea level rise. Furthermore, the island is affected by the early phase of the El Nino and La Ninas. The Island is a key economic zone with typical activities, such as: fishing, oil and gas exploitation, maritime services, tourism as well as it is adjacent to the other countries in the region.
Especially, Phu Quoc Island is the largest island in the coastal island system in Vietnam. The current status of the economic development has created a significant social pressure on the island regarding both system resources and the environmental management. There is no rational planning and efficient use of natural resources, although the extraction (water, oil, gas.) has been carried out for a long time. Therefore, freshwater resources in Phu Quoc Island are vitally important, and have a direct impact on daily life, and the development of the island.
The assessment of freshwater resource vulnerability in Vietnam is still very limited, particularly in the Island. A vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources in Phu 2 Quoc Island will be essential to identify potential risks for fresh water resources on the island and to support decision making; Therefore, detecting early threats to gain insight sustainable solutions to the management of freshwater resources on an island, where the exploitation of freshwater resources management is still problematic. Understanding the vulnerability of freshwater resources of the Islands, therefore, is important to ensure sustainable water management in the region. Uses of water have an intimate relationship with land use and impact on ecosystems dealing with integrated water resource management.
The integrated water resources management will help to use and to protect natural resources. In order to effectively implement integrated water resource management, the necessity of understanding and the ability to assess the vulnerability of water resources are highlighted. Performing a vulnerability assessment of freshwater will highlight gaps in information and identify the most influential factors affecting vulnerability, in addition to raising public awareness. The availability of such an evaluation would provide decision-makers with the option to evaluate and modify existing policies and to implement measures to improve the management of water resources.
Different approaches to vulnerability assessment of water resources and hydrological systems have been developed for a long time with both advantages and disadvantages. One of the most effective responses, vulnerability assessment has recently been developed by the United Nations Environment Program and by Packing University. This approach is based on the available resources to meet the production, use, environmental pressures mitigation and capacity development and management. It highlights the vulnerability factors such as climate change, population growth, economic development, and management, etc.
of vulnerable freshwater resources. Currently, this method is implemented in the Pacific Islands, in West and South Asia, in the Mekong River basin, and in several other river basins in Vietnam. However, the vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources on islands in Vietnam is very limited and this method is still not an application 3 option. Hence, this study can be considered as a the first application of this approach assessing freshwater vulnerability on islands in Vietnam.
Objectives and Research questions 1. Objective of study The main objectives of the study include: - Piloting a method in terms of assessing the freshwater vulnerability in the southwestern area of Vietnams: applied specifically on Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province; - Assessing vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang and potential agents; - Providing scientifically-based evidence to support policy development of water resources management, to support the decision-making process; - Proposing measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island. Research questions - What methods and tools are appropriate to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island? - Which elements are vulnerable to freshwater resources? - What are the opportunities and challenges regarding to freshwater resources management in the Island? - What are solutions that should be done to improve the freshwater resources in the Island? 1. The Assessment Process Water is essential for life.
All activities of humans, animals and plants on earth need water. However, freshwater resources are vulnerable and a reliable assessment of vulnerability is essential. The vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources, newly developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and by Peking University is the methodology of the thesis. Firstly, relevant data in the study area are collected, including: relevant documents such as natural conditions, hydrology, environment, geology, etc.
The statistical analysis results are collected 4 directly from the local agencies. The data processing is necessary to investigate additional fieldwork and to update the latest data content research serving as the current status and characteristics of water resources on the island and the control system influence of the current vulnerability of freshwater resources. This study will provide an overview of the evaluation method to assess the vulnerability of water resources; the preferred method will be the approach developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and Packing University. The evaluation of data will serve an analytical framework DPSIR (Driver, pressure, state, impact and response) to analyze quantitative and qualitative features, and a description of the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island.
Then, an integrated vulnerability index (VI) is calculated based on possible vulnerable parameters; the results will assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island, followed by a proposal for solutions to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Phu Quoc Island. Structure of the thesis This report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the research to answer three main questions: Why is a vulnerability assessment is important? How can we assess the vulnerability of the island? And, what are the main objectives of a vulnerability assessment in this study? The chapter two reviews several studies about the concept of vulnerability, vulnerability assessment methods and some previous researches relate to study area. The chapter three presents an overview of freshwater resources, which describe the geographical context of natural, socio-economics, freshwater resources.
Especially, we focus on the present status and the challenges dealing with the management of fresh water resources in the island. This chapter also discusses the importance of the influence of climate change and the pressures of environmental change to freshwater resources on the island. Chapter four identifies methods to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources, summarizes the specific assessment method of UNEP, including, such as: 5 methods, diagnosis of issues, and DPSIR analytical framework to understand the vulnerability index (VI). Data used in the thesis.
Chapter five is an important chapter of the report. This chapter continues to assess the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the island of Phu Quoc – Kien Giang Province. These assessments determine the importance and the interrelationship of social-economics, the environment, climate, geographical factors and management resources with vulnerable island freshwater resources. The study of assessment indicators and injury parameters such as water stress, development pressure, the insecurity of the ecosystem and management challenges, is necessary to calculate the vulnerability index.
In addition, this chapter will provide proposed measures to reduce the vulnerability of freshwater resources on the Island. Chapter six: Finally, the last chapter concludes the findings of this thesis, discusses the limitations of this work and provides an outlook by giving recommendation for future areas of research. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW 2. Concepts of vulnerability The concepts of vulnerability have been changed over time.
According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, the current literature encompass more than 25 different definitions, concepts and methods to systematize vulnerability (for example, Chambers, 1989; Bohle, 2001; Wisner et al., 2004; Downing et al., 2006; UN/ISDR, 2004; Pelling, 2003; Luers, 2005; Green, 2004; UN-Habitat, 2003; Schneiderbauer and Ehrlich, 2004; van Dillen, 2004; Turner et al. According to Downing (2006), the vulnerability includes the expression, sensitivity and resilience of the system to combat the dangers posed by the effects of the agent. Researchers in the field of natural sciences often focus on the concept of risk, while researchers in the field of social sciences often refer to the term vulnerability. Concept of vulnerability is the social scientists associated with the group of socioeconomic factors and the community's ability to cope with natural disasters, but scientists about climate usually consider the concept of vulnerability as a function of the likelihood of occurrence and the potential impact of weather and climate related.
According to Jörn Birkmann (2006) statistics, one of the best-known definitions were formulated by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), which defines vulnerability as: - The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. - In contrast, the United National Development Programme (UNDP) defines vulnerability as: a human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given hazard. (UNDP, 2004: 11) 7 Develop policies of integrated water resources management will require a comprehensive knowledge, the understanding of the vulnerability of water resources is a key element for this purpose. Vulnerability is a term used to describe a weakness or flaw exists in the system, the sensitivity of the system with a threat or a particular disadvantage, and/or challenges systems faced when dealing with the threat.
In view of water resource management, the vulnerability can be defined as the characteristic weaknesses and flaws of the system of water resources makes it difficult to respond to changing economic and social and the environment. Thus, the vulnerability can look through (i) the pressure of the water resources in the study area; and (ii) the ability of ecosystems and society in the fight against the agents acting on the healthy function of water resource systems. Vulnerability assessment Water, "blood" of natural ecosystems, have a role indispensable for almost all functions of ecosystems. Water is also one of the important resources needed to support the socioeconomic development of human.
The result of the excessive population growth, rapid economic development, mismanaged of water resources, leading to dwindling water resources. Therefore, sustainable water resources management has become a priority concern of many national agendas. Vulnerability assessment is a process of investigation and analysis to assess the sensitivity of the system before the potential threat, and to identify the main challenges for the system in reducing or minimize the risks associated with, the negative consequences of the opposition activists.