MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ DIỆU MINH MODALITY IN LINGUISTICS RESEARCH ARTICLES: A COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL AND VIETNAMESE ENGLISH-MEDIUM JOURNALS MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH BINH DINH – 2020 e MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ DIỆU MINH MODALITY IN LINGUISTICS RESEARCH ARTICLES: A COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL AND VIETNAMESE ENGLISH-MEDIUM JOURNALS Field English Linguistics Code 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật e STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the research entitled Modality in Linguistics Research Articles: A Comparison of International and Vietnamese English- medium Journals is my own work. I further declare that this paper has not been submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma, and it contains no material previously published or written by other persons where due acknowledgement is not made in the paper. Quy Nhon, 2020 e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude.
First of all, I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Assoc. Ton Nu My Nhat, for the thoughtful guidance, critical comments and precious advice that she spared for me. Without her endless patience and constant encouragement during the process of conducting this study, the work would never have been completed. Secondly, my warmest thanks go to the Department of Foreign Languages for generously supporting me and giving me permission to embark on this project.
Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my beloved family and friends, who have always believed in me and given me strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of this research. e ABTRACT The present paper sets out to investigate the similarities and differences in the employment of modality in Linguistics research papers across two subsets, the internationally established journals and the non-scopus-indexed English-medium journals published in Vietnam. To provide an in-depth description, a compilation of 30 Linguistics research papers over a three-year time span from 2017 to 2019 was selected from English for Specific Purposes and VNU Journal of Foreign Studies to form the data set. The corpus was then closely investigated in terms of the frequency of modality tokens, the semantic and syntactic features of modality in the entire articles as well as the modality distribution across sections.
The findings indicate a small disproportion in the frequency between two groups of authors. Comparatively, the Vietnamese researchers are found to use more deontic and dynamic modality markers whereas the international writers tend to opt for epistemic modality; the articles by the international authors also present a wider range of expressions though those by the Vietnamese reveal a predominance of modal verbs. The examination of modality distribution across sections suggests the same sequence for both subsets, which starts from Conclusion to Results and Discussion, Literature review, Introduction and ends with Method, with Conclusion being the section with the highest frequency, and Method being the lowest. Additionally, articles in the international subset have a higher number of modality tokens and normalized frequency in each section than those written by Vietnamese authors.
It is expected that issues unfolded from this study could theoretically contribute to a better understanding of modality in research papers in general and in those in the discipline of Linguistics in particular; practically, the thesis is also hoped to promote the Vietnamese researchers in their endeavor to join the international academic community. e TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABTRACT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aim and Objectives. Scope of the Study.
Significance of the Study. Organization of the Study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Definition of Modality.
Classification of Modality. 22 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Identification of Modality Markers. Calculation of Occurrence Frequencies.
34 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The Use of Modality in the Entire RAs in Two Subsets. The Distribution of Modality across Sections in RAs in Two Subsets. Modality Use in the Entire RAs.
Modality Distribution across Sections. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research. 85 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: List of RAs as data APPENDIX B: Modality distribution in the entire RAs APPENDIX C: Modality distribution across sections APPENDIX D: List of linguistic realization to denote modality in Linguistics RAs e LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DeM Deontic Modality DyM Dynamic Modality EpM Epistemic Modality RA(s) Research Article(s) As for the codes of articles in the corpus: I for articles by international writers; V for articles by Vietnamese writers; 17, 18, 19 for the year of 2017, 2018, 2019 respectively; 01-05 for the number of article, in order of publication.: - I1705: Article in the subset written by international authors, published in 2017, numbered 5; - V1901: Article in the subset written by Vietnamese authors, published in 2019, numbered 1. e LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The possibility/ necessity notions of epistemic and deontic modality.2 Lexical deontic markers.3 Lexical epistemic markers.1 Number of English-medium RAs from 2017 to June 2019.2 Functions of sections in RAs.3 Word count of two subsets.4 Labels for section headings in the corpus.1 Descriptive statistics of modality markers in the corpus.2 Distribution of modality markers in the entire RAs.3 Occurrence of semantic subtypes.4 Occurrence of syntactic subtypes.5 Occurrence of modality markers across sections.
55 e LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. The English for Specific Purposes. The VNU Journal of Foreign Studies. Percentage of semantic subtypes.
Percentage of syntactic subtypes. Normalized frequency of markers across sections (per 1,000 words). Rationale Modality, which is concerned with the speakers‟/writers‟ opinion and attitude towards the propositional content, has become the centrality of innumerable academic papers for decades. Regarding the field of academic written discourse, the implementation of modality markers has been explicitly acknowledged to enable authors to convey their stance, affection or judgment both to the propositions they make and to the readers, as well as to modify their statements and avoid the risk of face-threatening communicative activity on the potential addressees (Almeida & Pastor, 2017, p.
The proper use of modality would substantially support the pragmatic aspect in academic writing (Hyland, 1994; Myers, 1989), assist scholars in accurately expressing their research findings (Yang, 2018), and also reflect an advanced level of both linguistic and pragmatic proficiency in the written mode (Chen, 2010). Given its prominent role in the genre of academic writing, modality has been the main focus of a host of linguists who have a keen interest in this area of knowledge. However, a large number of cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary studies on modality in academic written genre have mainly centered around one of its subcategories, such as epistemic modality (Orta, 2010; Pastor, 2012; Vázquez & Giner, 2008; Vold, 2006; Yang, Zheng, & Ge, 2015 among others), or one type of its markers – predominantly modal verbs (Almeida & Pastor, 2017; Bonilla, 2017; Hykes, 2000; Vičič & Petek, 2016; Yamazaki, 2001; Yang, 2018 to mention but a few), leaving other modality devices (i. lexical items, namely lexical verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and nouns) and other modality subtypes (i.
deontic and dynamic) rarely examined. In Vietnam, modality has received increasing attention during two e 2 recent decades. The underlying theories revolving around modality as well as its subsets and realization in both English and Vietnamese have been investigated, summarized and presented by a good number of authors such as Lưu Quý Khương and Trần Thị Minh Giang (2012), Ngũ Thiện Hùng (2003, 2011, 2015), Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (2007), Võ Đại Quang (2007), etc. to name but a few.
Experimentally, the employment of both English and Vietnamese modality means in different spoken and written genres such as literature (Bùi Thị Đào, 2014; Nguyễn Thị Nhung, 2016; Phạm Thị Nhung, 2016; Trần Thị Kim Chi, 2003), news stories (Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền, 2008), social science articles (Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy, 2012a, 2012b), TED talks (Bùi Thị Mỹ Lợi, 2018; Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh, 2019), ambassadors‟ speeches (Trần Hữu Phúc, 2014) has been thoroughly explored. Having reviewed the extensive literature in this specific domain, nevertheless, I have noticed a lack of an exhaustive research dedicated to the research articles (henceforth RAs), which are considered as an essential vehicle for disseminating new knowledge, let alone from a comparative perspective. Being fully aware of this current scarcity, I am motivated to carry out an analysis of Modality in Linguistics Research Articles: A Comparison of International and Vietnamese English-medium Journals with the expectation of implementing long established theories of modality to RAs. The specific discipline I have chosen to focus on is Linguistics – my own field of studies.
It is hoped that the issues raised in this study could partially bridge the present gap in the field, and, to some extent, contribute to the study of modality both theoretically and practically. Aim and Objectives 1. Aim The main target of this thesis is to investigate the manipulation of e 3 modality in the RAs in the discipline of Linguistics from a comparative perspective. Objectives Once the above aim has been anchored, the detailed objectives are to investigate: The semantic and syntactic features of modality in the RAs in the discipline of Linguistics as a whole; The distribution of modality in the RAs in the discipline of Linguistics across sections; The similarities and differences in the use of modality between two groups of authors – the international and the Vietnamese writers – in the investigated RAs.
Research Questions The main questions this research is endeavoring to answer are: (1) What are the semantic and syntactic features of modality in the Linguistics RAs as a whole? (2) To what extent does the distribution of modality in the Linguistics RAs vary across sections? (3) What are the similarities and differences in the use of modality between two groups of authors, namely the international and the Vietnamese authors – in the investigated RAs? 1. Scope of the Study Theoretically, despite various terminologies employed to delineate modality subtypes, this paper adopts a tripartite scheme of epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modality, which was first introduced by von Wright (1951, as cited in Palmer, 2001), and has then been preferred by such celebrated researchers in the field as Collins (2009) and Palmer (2013). Also, among e 4 various means to denote modality, the current study only investigates items of five syntactic classes, namely modal verbs, lexical verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and nouns. Regarding the corpus, within the scale of a master‟s thesis, a fairly humble number of 30 English-medium RAs in the field of Linguistics were accumulated for an in-depth analysis.
Although Linguistics can be divided into pure/ theoretical and applied branches, this study only deals with the latter of the discipline. Additionally, by „international‟ journals, I mean those which are written in English, widely-circulated and internationally established among the academic community; therefore, for each subset of the corpus, only one trustworthy specialty journal is chosen as the source for the data, which is English for Specific Purposes for international journals and VNU Journal of Foreign Studies for Vietnamese journals. Significance of the Study Theoretically, the research should be seen as a further contribution to the domain of scholarly written discourse investigation. The conduct of this paper is expected to lay the foundation for further enquiries into modality use in RAs in the discipline of Linguistics.
Practically, by offering a detailed description of the modality use in Linguistics RAs in prestige English-medium journals (see Appendix D for a list of markers employed in the examined RAs), the study may lend support to Vietnamese researchers and learners who aspire to have their works published in reputable international journals and also claim their position as competent members of mainstream scholarly communities.