MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ THỊ PHƯƠNG THỦY HEDGING DEVICES IN CONVERSATIONS IN THE VIETNAMESE HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS VERSUS THOSE IN THE NEW INTERCHANGE SERIES FIELD: English Linguistics CODE: 8. NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TAO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ THỊ PHƯƠNG THỦY PHƯƠNG TIỆN RÀO ĐÓN TRONG ĐÀM THOẠI GIỮA SÁCH GIÁO KHOA TIẾNG ANH TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG VIỆT NAM VÀ NEW INTERCHANGE Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify my authorship of the master‟s thesis submitted entitled: HEDGING DEVICES IN CONVERSATIONS IN THE VIETNAMESE HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS VERSUS THOSE IN THE NEW INTERCHANGE SERIES for the degree of Master of Arts, is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree at any other institutions. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by other people except where the reference is made in the thesis itself.
Bình Định, 2019 LÊ THỊ PHƯƠNG THỦY e ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the people for their support and contributions to the realization of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Assoc. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn, whose brilliant ideas, unconditional support and encouragement from the very early day to the final steps have enabled me to develop a better understanding of the subject and to embrace the challenges in every step of the thesis. I am greatly indebted for his invaluable contributions and substantial feedback.
Without him, this study would not have been accomplished. I am indebted to the lecturers of Quy Nhon University who have wholeheartedly guided me through each part of the thesis. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to the Master‟s Thesis Examiners for their valuable feedback, constructive detailed comments and tremendously helpful suggestions for my thesis. I am grateful to the leaders of An Nhon 1 High School for their support and valuable help they have provided me during the course.
Finally and most importantly, my heart-felt gratitude goes to my family, for their unconditional love, infinite patience and enormous emotional support and care throughout this process. e iii ABSTRACT The study examines conversations in Vietnamese high school English textbooks (VHSET) versus the New Interchange series (NIS). The aim is to analyze hedge forms and functions under Hyland‟s (1998) framework to find the similarities and differences in using hedges in the two series. It also suggests some implications for teaching and learning hedges in conversations in the textbooks.
In order to achieve the aims and objectives, a contrastive analysis of data is conducted on both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings of the study show the ways that both native and non-native speakers of English use hedge forms and functions in conversations. As a whole, they use similar words or expressions to hedge their propositional content. Lexical hedges are more commonly used than non-lexical ones.
In addition, speakers prefer some forms (modal verbs, lexical verbs and personal attribution) and functions (reliability-oriented and writer-oriented hedges) to others. Moreover, speakers tend to employ more than one hedging device in a sentence or an utterance. However, the study also points out some differences in using hedges both semantically and functionally. Some forms of hedges occur densely in the New Interchange series but rarely in Vietnamese high school English textbooks or vice versa.
Similarly, the ranking positions of reader-oriented and attribute- oriented hedges are interchanged in the two series. e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii LIST OF TABLES .viii LIST OF FIGURES. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES. SCOPE OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS.
4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. DIFFERENT VIEWS OF HEDGES. From Fuzzy logic view. From Semantic view.
From Pragmatic view. HEDGES AND POLITENESS. HEDGES AND MODALITY. TAXONOMY OF HEDGES.
According to Forms. Non-lexical Hedges .2 According to Functions. Salager-Mayer‟s model. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON HEDGES.
26 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND PROCEDURES. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS. Criteria for Data Collection. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY.
33 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .1 FORMS OF HEDGES. Non-lexical Hedges. FUNCTIONS OF HEDGES. Attribute-oriented Hedges.
Reliability-oriented Hedges. Writer-oriented Hedges. Epistemic Lexical Verbs. Agentless passive constructions.
Empty Subjects with Lexical Verbs. Attribution to the Source. Reader-oriented Hedges. Claim as one possibility among many.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES. 68 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTHER STUDY. 75 e vii ABBREVIATIONS CEFR : Common European Framework of Reference for Languages CP : Cooperative Principle Freq : Frequency HD (s) : Hedging Device (s) NIS : New Interchange Series.
Per : Percentage RAs : Research Articles VHSET : Vietnamese High School English Textbooks e viii LIST OF TABLES No. Table name Page Table 2.1 Types of hedges according the four maxims 15 Table 2.2 Varttala‟s (2001) Classification of hedging forms 17 Table 3.1 Interchange 4th edition and the CEFR 31 Table 4.1 The distributions of hedge forms 34 Table 4.2 The frequency of lexical hedges 35 Table 4.3 The frequency of non-lexical hedges 36 Table 4.4 The frequency of hedge functions 37 Table 4.5 The frequency of attribute-oriented hedges 38 Table 4.6 The frequency of adjuncts 40 Table 4.7 The frequency of reliability-oriented hedges 42 Table 4.8 The frequency of modal verbs 44 Table 4.9 The frequency of epistemic adjectives 48 Table 4.10 The frequency of content disjuncts 51 Table 4.11 The frequency of writer-oriented hedges 53 Table 4.12 The frequency of epistemic lexical verbs 53 Table 4.13 The frequency of judgmental verbs 54 Table 4.14 The frequency of evidential verbs 56 Table 4.15 The frequency of reader-oriented hedges 61 Table 4.16 Detailed distributions of hedge functions 69 e ix LIST OF FIGURES No. Table name Page Figure 2.1 Hyland‟s model of scientific hedging 21 Figure 4.1 The frequency of adjuncts 39 Figure 4.2 The frequency of content disjuncts 49 Figure 4.3 The frequency of limited knowledge 51 Figure 4.4 The frequency of agentless passive constructions 58 Figure 4.5 The frequency of empty subjects with lexical verbs 59 Figure 4.6 The frequency of attribution to the source 60 Figure 4.7 The frequency of personal attribution 62 Figure 4.8 The frequency of hypothetical conditionals 63 Figure 4.9 The frequency of questions 64 Figure 4.10 The frequency of claim as one possibility among many 65 e 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the rationale for choosing the area for studying, aims and objectives, research questions, scope of the study and significance of the study. At the end of this chapter, the structure of the thesis is also included here to serve as an outline of the study.
RATIONALE Hedging devices are often used to show the lack of certainty in truth value of the proposition stated by the writers or speakers. This study examines and compares the forms and functions of hedging devices in conversations in English and Vietnamese textbooks: Vietnamese high school English textbooks and New Interchange series. A hedge is a linguistic device used to convey interpersonal messages in spoken and written language. It is a communicative strategy which enables speakers or writers to soften the force of utterances.
Hyland (1996a: 433) states that “Hedging is a well-documented feature of spoken discourse as a result of its role in qualifying categorical commitment and facilitating discussion.” By making things fuzzy or less fuzzy, hedges are the best resources for writers who want to communicate with readers from different cultural backgrounds to manage tone, attitude and information within a discourse (Getkham, 2011). According to Lakoff (1973) and Clemen (1997), hedges are linguistic devices that control the degree of fuzziness in communicating messages, helping the authors express how certain they are about the truth value of their statements. e 2 They are important tools, which have been used widely in academic, scientific and every day communication. Therefore, they have attracted scholars‟ attention considerably in recent years in relation to linguistics studies.
In pragmatics, hedges are correlated with politeness, vagueness, hesitation and indirectness. According to Hyland (1996a), hedging is a significant communication device for academics since it both confirms the individual‟s professional persona and represents a critical element in the rhetorical means of gaining acceptance of claims. Hedging devices help to avoid conflict among readers and justify a statement correctly, therefore, it is important to be able to use hedges effectively in conversations. possible, might, perhaps and so on) indicate the writer‟s decision to withhold complete commitment to a proposition, allowing information to be presented as an opinion rather than accredited fact (Hyland, 2005: 178).
Using hedges effectively for communicating purpose is considered as a way serving for politeness and face saving. However, Vietnamese students have difficulty in using hedges in their conversations. The study “Hedging Devices in Conversations in the Vietnamese High School English Textbooks versus those in the New Interchange Series” is carried out with an aim to remind English learners and teachers the values of hedges in communication. It also provides them with a firm foundation about hedges and the use of hedges in conversations in the Vietnamese high school English textbooks and those in the New Interchange series.
Hopefully, it will help them better their understanding about hedges and improve their language competence for effective communication. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. Aims This study aims to study the similarities and differences in using hedges in the conversations in the Vietnamese high school English textbooks and those in the New Interchange series. Objectives This study aims at the following objectives: - To identify the forms and functions of hedging devices in the conversations in the Vietnamese high school English textbooks and those in the New Interchange series.
- To compare and contrast the forms and functions of hedging devices in the conversations in the Vietnamese high school English textbooks and those in the New Interchange series to see the similarities and differences in using hedges in the two languages. RESEARCH QUESTIONS With regard to what has already been stated in the previous sections and based on the objectives of the present research, the following research questions were sought to answer: 1. What are the forms and functions of hedging devices in the conversations in the Vietnamese high school English textbooks and those in the New Interchange Series? 2. What are the similarities and differences in forms and functions of hedging devices used in the conversations in the Vietnamese English High School Textbooks and those in the New Interchange Series? e 4 1.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on the forms and functions of hedges used in the conversations in the Vietnamese English high school textbooks and those in the New Interchange series. This study is based on a set of data composed of 62 conversations: 30 conversations selected from the Vietnamese English high school textbooks and 32 conversations selected from the New Interchange series. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study of “Hedging Devices in Conversations in the Vietnamese High School English Textbooks versus those in the New Interchange Series” is just an attempt to describe and contrast the use of hedges in the light of Hyland‟s model (1998). It is hoped to contribute to the process of learning and teaching English, especially to understanding English conversations, which contain hedges.
On the theoretical level, the study makes a significant contribution to the literature of hedging study. The results of the study may provide information about using hedges in conversations to obtain the greatest effectiveness in everyday conversations, avoiding conflicts and misunderstandings.