net http://www.net LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS LOS SOLUCIONARIOS CONTIENEN TODOS LOS EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS DE FORMA CLARA VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS.net Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction www.net This page intentionally left blank www.net Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction Fourth Edition Barry Onouye with Kevin Kane Department of Architecture College of Architecture and Urban Planning University of Washington Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo www.net Editorial Director: Vernon R. Anthony Senior Operations Supervisor: Pat Tonneman Acquisitions Editor: David Ploskonka Operations Specialist: Deidra Skahill Editorial Assistant: Nancy Kesterson Art Director: Jayne Conte Director of Marketing: David Gesell Cover Designer: Suzanne Duda Executive Marketing Manager: Derril Trakalo Cover Image: Baloncici/Shutterstock Senior Marketing Coordinator: Alicia Wozniak AV Project Manager: Janet Portisch Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Full-Service Project Management and Project Manager: Maren L. Miller Composition: PreMediaGlobal Senior Managing Editor: JoEllen Gohr Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Associate Managing Editor: Alexandrina Cover Printer: Phoenix Color Corporation Benedicto Wolf Text Font: 10.5/12 Palatino Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Unless otherwise stated, all artwork has been provided by the author.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.
To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Onouye, Barry (Barry Shizuo) Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction / Barry Onouye with Kevin Kane, Department of Architecture, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Washington.
pages cm Includes index. Strength of materials. Strains and stresses. Kane, Kevin (John Kevin), 1954- II.1’771—dc22 2010053540 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-507925-X ISBN 13: 978-0-13-507925-6 www.net To our families .net This page intentionally left blank www.net Foreword I have had the privilege of teaching with Barry Onouye in a design studio setting for 12 years.
From the outset, it was obvious that he had a sound knowledge of structures, but what also be- came apparent over time was his profound understanding of architectural structures—the struc- tural systems that play a critical role in the planning, design, and making of buildings. He is an exceptional teacher, not only extremely knowledgeable but also able to explain principles and concepts in an articulate manner and to relate his reasoning to the problems and opportunities in architectural design and building construction. In the pages of this book, he has managed, along with Kevin Kane, to convey this same extraordinary teaching ability. Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction is a refreshing treat- ment of an enduring topic in architectural education.
It combines in a single text the related fields of statics—the external force systems acting on structural elements—and strength of materials—the internal forces and deformations that result from external forces. Together, these classic areas of inquiry give rise to the size and shape of structural elements and the configura- tion of these elements into systems that unite and support the components and contents of a building. Such systems underlie all buildings, from the monuments of the past to the most humble structures of the present. Whether visible to the eye or concealed by elements of enclosure, these three-dimensional frameworks occupy space and establish the nature and composition of the spaces within buildings.
Even when obscured by the more discernible faces of floors, walls, and ceilings, their presence can often be sensed by the mind’s eye. Thus, an understanding of struc- tural theory and systems remains an essential component of architectural education. Over the last century, numerous texts on building structures have been written for students of architecture and building construction. What distinguishes this work is its effective weaving of word and image.
The problem for anyone teaching structures has always been to explain structural theories and concepts to design students, for whom graphical material can be more meaningful than numbers. The danger in a purely graphical approach, however, is the omission of the mathematical models necessary for a realistic and rigorous treatment of the science of structures. This text instead adopts the classical method for the teaching of building structures and integrates visual information with the necessary mathematical models and essential struc- tural principles and relates these concepts to real-world examples of architectural design in a coherent and illuminating manner. This wise and balanced approach to the subject of statics and strength of material should serve well both teachers and students of architectural structures.
Frank Ching vii www.net Preface A primary aim of this book since its first publication in 1998 has been to develop and present basic structural concepts in an easily understood manner using “building” examples and illustrations to supplement the text. Much of this material has been “field tested,” revised, and modified over the course of 40 years of teaching, and it will continue to be modified in the future. There was a great temptation to add many new topical areas to this revision, but I decided to keep this book focused primarily on statics and strength of materials. Instead, small tweaks and additions were incorporated without trying to cover more material than is necessary in an introductory course.
Introducing structural theory without relying on a predominantly mathematical treatment has been challenging, to say the least, and a noncalculus engineering alternative to the topic seemed to be essential. Early on, it was decided that a heavily illustrated, visual approach was necessary in con- necting and linking structural theory to real buildings and structural components. Using examples and problems that are commonly found in buildings and structures around us appeared to be a log- ical way of introducing mathematically based material in a nonthreatening way. This text is organized along the lines of traditional textbooks on statics and strength of materials, because it seems to be a very logical, time-tested approach.
A sound understanding of statics and strength of materials establishes a theoretical and scientific basis for understanding structural the- ory. Numerical calculations are included as a way of explaining and testing one’s understanding of the principles involved. Many fully worked example problems are also included, with additional problems for student practice at the end of each chapter and on the companion website. This text is intended as the next step following a basic introductory presentation of structural principles and systems.
Organizationally, the book consists of two parts: statics in Chapters 2 through 4, and strength of materials covered in Chapters 5 through 10. A heavy emphasis is placed on the use of free-body diagrams in understanding the forces acting on a structural member. All problems begin with a pictorial representation of a structural compo- nent or assembly and are accompanied by a free-body diagram. Illustrations are used extensively to ensure that the student sees the connection between the real object and its abstraction.
Chapter 1 introduces the student to the process of structural design. Loads and the basic func- tional requirements of a building are introduced along with the larger architectural issues of build- ing design. This revision has expanded the discussion on loads and, in particular, wind and earthquake. Chapter 3 uses the principles discussed in Chapter 2 to solve an array of determinate structural frameworks.
Load tracing in Chapter 4 illustrates the interaction of one member with other members and introduces the concept of load paths that develop in a building, with an attempt to examine the overall structural condition regarding gravity and lateral loads. Although not cus- tomarily covered in statics, load tracing was included to illustrate the power of the basic principle of mechanics and the use of free-body diagrams as studied in Chapters 2 and 3. A general introduction to lateral bracing strategies for multibay and multistory buildings is also included, but without any accompanying force calculations due to its complexity. Chapter 5 introduces the concepts of stress and strain and material properties as they relate to ma- terials commonly used in the building industry.
This text would be greatly complemented by stu- dents taking a course on the methods and materials of construction either concurrently or before the study of strength of materials. Cross-sectional properties are covered in Chapter 6, again with an em- phasis on commonly used beam and column shapes. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 develop the basis for beam and column analysis and design. Elastic theory has been utilized throughout, and the allowable stress method has been employed for the design of beams and columns.
Some simplifications have been introduced to beam and column design equations to eliminate the complexity unwarranted for preliminary design purposes. Sizing of beams and columns is well within the range of a final, closely engineered element sized by the more complex formulas. It is assumed that students will take sub- sequent courses in timber, steel, and concrete; therefore, building code equations and criteria have not been incorporated in this text. This edition includes a new Section 8.7, which introduces the stu- dent to the load resistance factor design (LRFD) method for designing steel members.
No attempt was made to do an extensive treatment of the topic, but it is recommended that an interested stu- dent seek classes or other texts that deal exclusively with the subject of limit state design.net Preface ix Not included in this text is the study of indeterminate beams and frames, because it would require substantial development beyond the purview of statics and strength of materials. Indeterminate structure is probably one of the more important structural topics for building designers; most of the commercial and institutional buildings of moderate or large size are of this type. Indeterminate structural behavior, using one of the many available structural analysis/design soft- ware packages, is emerging as a critical area of study for all future building designers. This text is intended to be used for a one plus-semester (15+-weeks) class or two 10-week quar- ters in architecture, building construction, and engineering technology programs.
Chapters 4 and 11 might be of interest and use to the civil engineering student who wants to better understand build- ing components in a larger context. Also, Chapters 8 and 9 might be useful for quick preliminary methods of sizing beams and columns. Although this text might be used for self-study, its real bene- fit is as a supplement to the instruction received in class. Many of the topics covered in the text can be demonstrated in model form in class.
The use of slides of actual buildings representing the topic being covered will help to reinforce the concepts through visual images. My previous teaching experience has convinced me of the need to use a vari- ety of media and techniques to illustrate a concept. The companion website, at www.com/onouye, features practice problems found in the printed text. All problems on the companion website are accompanied by solutions to enable the student to check their work during individual study sessions.
Sufficient detail is provided to assist students when they become “stuck” and need a nudge to continue in their work.