MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A Thesis A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SEXIST LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE LITERARY WORKS (Đối chiếu ngôn ngữ kỳ thị giới trong một số tác phẩm văn học của Anh và Việt Nam) Phạm Nguyễn Bình Nguyên Field: English Language Code: 8.01 Hanoi - 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A Thesis A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SEXIST LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE LITERARY WORKS (Đối chiếu ngôn ngữ kỳ thị giới trong một số tác phẩm văn học của Anh và Việt Nam) Phạm Nguyễn Bình Nguyên Field: English Language Code: 8. Le Thi Minh Thao Hanoi - 2021 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled "A contrastive analysis of sexist language in English and Vietnamese literary works" submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language. Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2021 Pham Nguyen Binh Nguyen Approved by SUPERVISOR Lê Thị Minh Thảo Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.
Le Thi Minh Thao, who has supported and helped me with her suggestions and insightful comments all these months in this difficult undertaking of writing a Master Thesis. I am indebted to teachers at the Library Department who facilitated me in browsing and borrowing documents to complete this thesis. Last but not least, I must thank my family, my seniors and lecturers in the faculty for the support they provided me during this period. ii ABSTRACT This study focuses on a cross - cultural analysis of sexist language used in English and Vietnamese literary works.
This paper aims to investigate linguistic factors indicating sexism in various English and Vietnamese literary works, contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality assist researchers in sexism specifically in terms of English and Vietnamese literary works. The study used contrastive analysis method to discover the characteristics of sexism in English and Vietnamese literary works through 12 English literary works and 09 Vietnamese works. Results of the study showed that sexism in English and Vietnamese literature are remarkably simple, although sexism against men in English literature was not apparent. On the other hand, sexism language used against women was more severe and serious, and the tropes and characteristics of sexism against women in the two countries are also visibly different.
Through identifying the similarities and differences of sexism in English and Vietnamese literary works, the study suggests certain methods to avoid sexist characteristics in literature in particular and in daily life in general so that it could be avoided. Keywords: sexism, sexist language, English literature, Vietnamese literature, English literary works, Vietnamese literary works iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .2 Aims and objectives:.3 Scope of the study:.7 Structure of the Thesis:. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.1 Review of previous studies :.1 Studies of sexism in the world .2 Studies of sexism in Vietnam .2 Review of theoretical background:. Gender, gender marking and gender system in languages.
The arbitrariness of grammatical gender system, especially gender-identifying systems. Morphological imbalance in agent nouns depicting males and females. 15 CHAPTER 3: SEXIST LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMES LITERARY WORKS .1 Sexist characteristics in English literary works .1 Sexism against women.2 Sexism against men .2 Sexist characteristics in Vietnamese literary works .1 Sexism against women .2 Sexism against men.3 Contrastive analysis of sexist characteristics in English and Vietnamese literature .3 Limitation of the research .4 Suggestion for further studies. 54 APPENDICES: DATA COLLECTION SHEETS.
Sexism against women in English literary works. Sexism against men in English literary works. Sexism against women in Vietnamese literary works. Sexism against men in Vietnamese literary works.
Proposals for avoiding sexism in English literature .1 Rationale: Gender equality is an important goal not only to Vietnam but also other nations around the world, also being one of the criteria for assessing the development of a society. According to the United Nations, gender equality me ans that women and men enjoy the same conditions to fully realize human rights, have the opportunity to enjoy and contribute to the achievements of developing countries in terms of politics, economy, society and culture. However, in reality, gender inequality still takes place under a number of different forms, such as linguistic sexism. Sexism in life is various in forms and different at levels.
It is probably most readily associated with economic issues, such as equal pay for equal work. The role played by language in maintaining and strengthening sexist values, however, is less widely understood or acknowledged. This is probably because linguistic sexism is much more deeply rooted and far more subtle than other forms of sexism. The fight for equality of both women and men in such domains as politics and economy has worked effectively and successfully, but in language it seems to be much weaker and receive far less attention.
All normal people must work and most of them know and require fairness for women and men in labour; all normal people must use language but few of them are aware of fairness for men and women in language. And literary works, while being a source of education and inspiration for the people, are also not exempted from this shortcoming. In old societies, sexism was expressed not only in daily conversations but also through literary works in those periods. Thus, this study is conducted in order to investigate the use of sexist language in English and Vietnamese literature, as well as contribute to reducing sexism in language and literary works.2 Aims and objectives: a.
Aim of the study: This study aims to investigate linguistic factors indicating sexism in various English and Vietnamese literary works, contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, provide Vietnamese learners of English language and Vietnamese writer 1 with suggestions to reduce and optimally, minimize the existence of sexism in their language and mindset. Objective of the study: To achieve the aforementioned aim, the study sought to achieve the following objectives - To find out the characteristics of sexism in some English and Vietnamese literary works. - To compare and contrast sexism on certain fields in English and Vietnamese languages - To draw implications of the thesis for English learners and writers in Vietnamese of writing without showing sexism.3 Scope of the study: In this study, the author would give spotlight on investigating gender-biased language on English and Vietnamese literary works ranged from medieval to contemporary. Gender-biased language in literature can be examined through specific instances chosen from the literary materials.
The materials selected for the study are classicals covering all historical periods in both English and Vietnamese literature. For Medieval periods, the study chose Shakespeare Complete Works, Iliad, The Canterbury Tales, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Truyện Kiều, Văn xuôi tự sự Việt Nam trung đại, Tục ngữ ca dao dân ca Việt Nam, Cung oán ngâm khúc. For modern periods, Ernest Hemingway‘s collections, Huckleberry Finn, The winds in the willow, The giver, Nam Cao truyện ngắn tuyển chọn, Tuyển tập Vũ Trọng Phụng, Tuyển tập truyện ngắn Nguyễn Minh Châu were selected.4 Research questions: In order to achieve the objectives, the following research questions are raised for exploration: 1. What are the characteristics of sexism in English and Vietnamese literary works? 2.
What are the similarities and differences between cultural factors of sexism in English and Vietnamese literary works? 3. How to clarify the hidden message(s) conveyed via the sexism at word and phrase levels in these books? 2 1.5 Research orientation: Research approaches: The main aim of the study is to identify sexism characteristics in English and Vietnamese literary works and provide Vietnamese writers and learners of English with suggestions to avoid the use of sexist language in their works. Therefore, to achieve the stated aims, the study utilize s quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze and compare the main features. The descriptive and comparative analysis methods are also used to compile the sexism characteristics in details and clarify the similarity and differences from a contrastive analysis perspective.
Data sources from citation in literary works as digital sources which contain sexism expressions. There are 10 English works and 09 Vietnamese works analyzed in the study, all in PDF formats. These are the primary source of data, while the secondary source are other books, theses and journal collected from the internet providing information about sexism. Data analysis techniques: the study researches and selects facts and examples from books, M.A thesis before carefully analyzing and identifying the similarities and differences between sexism expression in Vietnamese and English literature.6 Research methods: Describing and analyzing the characteristics of linguistic sexism in English and Vietnamese literature, exploring the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese.
In order to accomplish the aforementioned achievement, some methods are used as follow: The main methods emplyed in this study are descriptive and comparative analysis methods with quantitative and qualitative approach. The qualitative method is used to describe and interpret the main features of sexism in English and Vietnamese from a cross - cultural perspective, while the quantitative method is used to describe characteristics of sexist language in English and Vietnamese literature. Comparative analysis and descriptive methods are used to analyze the gathered information and identify the similarities and differences of sexism in English and Vietnamese literary. For achieving the aims and objectives of the study with optimal result, selected materials is the main technique to be used.
In addition, some 3 examples from M.A thesis and journals from the Internet were selected to help the author find out the similarities and differences of sexist language in Vietnamese and English literary works.7 Structure of the Thesis: The thesis will consist of 4 chapters as follow: Chapter 1: Introduction will be the first chapter of the study. In this chapter, readers will be provided an overview about what is the purpose of this study, what to expect from reading it and what value can it brings to their personal experience. Additionally, the Methodology providing strategies of collecting data, materials and examples will also be included. Chapter 2: Literature review and Theoretical background will briefly mention and review the related materials associating with the objective of the study Chapter 3: Sexist language in English and Vietnamese will further explain the materials mentioned along with some critical analysis on what are the main differences and similarity of sexism in the literature of both languages.
Furthermore, the study will also offer implications for Vietnamese writers in avoiding using sexist languages. Chapter 4: Conclusion will provide a summary to the whole study and what are the limitations when conducting it. Some suggestion might appear for future references and improvement. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies: 2.1 Studies of sexism in the world Language is not merely a means of exchanging information but it is also animportant means of establishing and maintaining social relationship with othermembers of the speech community.
Sex-based linguistic variation is an example of the sort of social function that is fulfilled by language. In fact, sex differences are a fundamental fact of sociolinguistic life. For example, there are certain forms of language which are thought to be appropriate only for men to use and other forms which only women can use. In some cases, these differences depend not only on the sex of the addresser, but also on the sex of the addressee.
According to Fasold (1990), sex-linked linguistic variation involves ‗the differential use of certain status marking forms by sex‘ (p. One of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies has been the relationship between sex and language and how it is represented.