VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE VERB PHRASES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (TESOL) Submitted by NGUYỄN THỊ THƯ Supervisor NGUYỄN TIẾN HÙNG, Ph. Ho Chi Minh City, 2009 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE VERB PHRASES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowlegement in the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other teriary institution.
Nha Trang, September 9th, 2009 Nguyeãn Thò Thö Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratefulness to my supervisor, Dr. Nguyen Tien Hung, for his invaluable advice and whole-hearted assistance over the lengthy period of researching and writing this thesis. Without his expertise and encouragement, I could not have finished my dissertation. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr Nguyen Huu Le, Mrs Niamh Sinead Collier, Mr Truong Dinh Duc, who did not hesitate to offer their comments, advice and guidance in helping me to complete the various analyses involved in the research work.
Great appreciation goes out to Mr Hoang Minh Tam and Mrs Nguyen Thi Huyen, leaders of Nha Trang Culture Art and Tourism College, from them I got the permission and financial support. I would like to express my thanks to these people. Thanks also to all English teachers at Foreign Language Department of Nha Trang Culture Art and Tourism College and students at General and Cultural Professionals Department in the same college for their willingness to be participants in this study. Without them, this thesis would have never begun.
Last, but far from least, I would like to thank my family for their patience, support and dedication, and for all the extra time spent on keeping things ‘ticking over’ while I sat with my head in a book, and my hands on the computer keyboard. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the similarities and differences in term of word order in English and Vietnamese verb phrases. However, due to the lack of resources and research on this matter, it is very difficult to analyze English and Vietnamese verb phrases in the way: Initial components + Centre + Ending components. This study is one of the first researches of its kind within the scope of Department of English Linguistics and Literature, which compares the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese verb phrases in terms of word order.
The thesis also suggests ways to teach English verb phrases to Vietnamese learners. Now with the fulfillment of this linguistic study of English and Vietnamese verb phrases in terms of word order, I believe that it may contribute as one of its small part to the field. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V : Verb VPs : Verb phrases AdjP : Adjective phrase NP : Noun phrase Adv : Adverb Aux : Auxiliary NA : Noun-Adjective AN : Adjective-Noun I.C : Ending component WO : Word order I.D : Direct object Nha Trang CA&TC : Nha Trang Culture Art and Tourism College LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE Tables: Page Table 2.1: Theory of syntactic word order 8 Table 2.2: The Frequency of Constituent Order – Basic Word Order 9 Table 2.3: Vietnamese word order of initial components 23 Table 4.1: Surveyed teachers’ ages 60 Table 4.2: Surveyed teachers’ years of teaching English 61 Table 4.3: How the teachers appreciate in teaching VPs 62 Table 4.4: How the teachers appreciate in showing the similarities and differences 64 Table 4.5: Subject’s age and number of years of studying English 66 Table 4.6: Student’s result for recognition part 68 Table 4.7: The result from the test of English-Vietnamese VP translation 70 Table 4.8: The result from the test of Vietnamese- English translation 76 Table 4.9: Percentage of all types of errors in VPs shown in translation of 12 Vietnamese sentences 81 Table 5.1: Suggesting types of VP exercise 87 Figures: Figure 4.1: Teachers’ qualification 61 Figure 4.2: Difficulties the students have in dealing with the English VPs 63 Figure 4.3: Subjects’ gender 66 Figure 4.4: Bar chart about students’ time studying English at high school 67 Figure 4.5: Bar chart about students’ translation for sentences in group 1 72 Figure 4.6: Bar chart about students’ translation for sentences in group 2 73 Figure 4.7: Bar chart about students’ translation for sentences in group 3 74 Figure 4.8: Bar chart about students’ translation for sentences in group 4 75 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Aims and objectives 2 1.
Scientific and practical significance 5 1. Organization of the study 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Overview of word order 7 2. Factors influencing the word order 10 2.
Syntactic and pragmatic factors 10 2. The influence of the lexical category and the 11 internal structure of constituents 2. The influence of sentence type and the 12 distinction of main sentence/ subordinate clause 2. Definitions and the syntactic role of VP in sentences 12 2.1 Initial component is an expletive 20 word 2.
Initial component is a substantive 23 word 2. English Verb Phrases 29 2. Initial components and their order 36 2. Summary 45 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.
Summary 50 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4. Comparison and contrast between English and 51 Vietnamese verb phrases 4. The basis of analysis 51 4. Similarities and differences of the two languages 54 4.
Analysis of responses from teachers of English 60 to survey questionnaire 4. Analysis of responses from students 65 4. English translation test 69 4. Vietnamese translation test 76 4.
Summary 83 CHAPTER 5: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. Recommendations and implications 84 5. Phrasal/ Idiomatic VPs 90 5.4 Limitation and suggestions for further studies 100 APPENDIX 1. Appendix B: Proficiency test 105 3.
Appendix C: A test in English verb phrase usage 110 4. Appendix D: Suggested types of English verb phrase exercise 117 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The study carried out in this thesis investigates English and Vietnamese verb phrases in terms of syntactics, then gives out the similarities and differences, finally draws out implications in language teaching. This section starts by introducing the researcher’s rationales to conduct this study. It then provides details of the thesis including the aims, the research questions, the significance, research scope, and research procedure.
Finally, a complete overview of this thesis is presented. Rationales Every language in the world has its own characteristics. Language is the vehicle of communication of human beings. It is the bridge of all relationships of people on the planet.
Each person, to communicate, has their own way to express ideas, notions and thoughts through their language. Both English and Vietnamese people possess their own ways of structuring language components so that ideas, notions and thoughts are uniquely generalized. ‘is going to buy a car’ in English, for example, makes sense but ‘a car to buy is going’ does not. The same discipline is applied to Vietnamese as in ‘ñang gaëm coû ngoaøi ñoàng’ but not ‘ngoaøi ñoàng coû ñang gaëm’.
The emerging issue here is the language rules of these verb phrases. In fact, in learning and mastering English, it would be deficient if we ignored the role of verb phrases that is defined by Quirk (1985) as the most important phrasal categories for functional reasons. It operates as the verb 2 element in a clause, i. as the most ‘central’ and indispensable part of the clause.
As we observe, verb phrases exist in most sentences. So far, English and Vietnamese verb phrases have been mentioned in certain researches, however, word order in these VPs is not dealt with. It is said that true grammar of English lies in word order. How about Vietnamese? Although languages often differ in their word order, English, Chinese, and Vietnamese are examples of languages that can follow an SVO pattern (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
However, whereas English maintains a fairly rigid SVO word order mainly used to signal grammatical roles: subject, verb etc., Vietnamese is a more flexible language in which some words in a phrase can be exchanged their positions. It is indeed very difficult to make a comparison of the two languages, especially the verb phrases. Nevertheless, knowing clearly about similarities and differences of verb phrases in terms of word order between the two languages can help Vietnamese teachers to teach English more effectively and Vietnamese learners to use English more confidently. As a result, the author has a strong motivation for the study of ‘contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese verb phrases and its implications for teaching’.
Aims and objectives Verb phrases normally play an important part of sentence structure in speaking and writing. Therefore, there is a need to study the word order, i. the language rule of English and Vietnamese verb phrases with the 3 hope of helping Vietnamese learners to use verb phrases more effectively and confidently. Aims: This project will examine the basic word order of English and Vietnamese verb phrases to demonstrate their language rules.
To be equipped with the knowledge of syntactics and characteristics of verb phrases, Vietnamese learners of English will be able to handle such interesting and popular groups of verbs and verb phrases. As a result, the author would like to help students with correct language practice and performance through contrastive analysis with Vietnamese. Also, the understanding of word order in sentences in general and in English and Vietnamese verb phrases in particular would encourage Vietnamese learners of English at all levels to recognize and use in productive skill, writing. Objectives: The paper is intended to have the following objectives: To identify and describe syntactic features of English and Vietnamese verb phrases according to structural grammar; To assist Vietnamese learners to be aware of the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese verb phrases mostly based on the thought of Nguyen Tai Can, Nguyen Kim Than, Diep Quang Ban and Dinh Van Duc in Vietnamese and Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Howard Jackson and Angela Downing in English.
4 To suggest solutions and hints aimed at enabling Vietnamese learners of English to use verb phrases more effectively in their writing; To draw out some implications for teaching. Research questions In general, with the aims and the objectives above, the author would like to answer the following questions: a. What are the syntactic features of English and Vietnamese verb phrases? b. What are the similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese verb phrases? c.
Which implications can be drawn for teaching English verb phrases to Vietnamese learners? 1. Research scope This research paper is restricted in syntactic features of English and Vietnamese verb phrases. The author would like to examine word order of finite verb phrases in affirmative and negative sentences in both English and Vietnamese, then draw language rules, finally apply it in teaching English to Vietnamese learners. Therefore, the author does not have much ambition on non-finite verb phrases or pay too much attention to all aspects such as semantic features of verb phrases which seem to be impossible due to a deficiency in knowledge, ability and time.
Research procedure This research is carried out on the basis of the qualitative and quantitative method. Suggested steps are as follows: 1. Collecting typical English and Vietnamese verb phrases from publications (grammar books, published works, novels) with reference to dictionaries and relevant materials; finding examples in which they are used; 2. Analyzing them in terms of the syntactic features; 3.