MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TA THI NHI HIEP POLITENESS MARKERS IN THE TEXTBOOK “HOTEL ENGLISH” Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Truong Van Dinh, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TẠ THỊ NHỊ HIỆP NGHIÊN CỨU DẤU HIỆU LỊCH SỰ TRONG GIÁO TRÌNH “HOTEL ENGLISH” Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS. Trương Văn Định STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the research paper, this thesis “The politeness markers in the textbook “Hotel English”” contain no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole, or in part from paper by which I have qualified for or been award another degree or diploma. Moreover, no one’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other territory institution.
Binh Dinh, August 2019 Ta Thi Nhi Hiep ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have given me great help during the time I managed to complete this study. Firstly, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Truong Van Dinh, who has given me much invaluable advice and encouragement since the very beginning and has been my frequent source on many invaluable insights. I am also grateful to him for reading my manuscript and helping me make the necessary changes.
Secondly, I am also grateful to lecturers who have given the foundation for this thesis and all the staff of the Post-graduate Department at Quy Nhon University for their encouragement, kindness and administrative assistance. Last but not least, I am particularly grateful to the members of my family who have helped me overcome a lot of difficulties throughout the course and the study of this thesis. ABSTRACT This study attempts to identify and analyze the structure and function of the politeness markers in the forty-five conversations of the textbook “Hotel English” as well as find out the pattern of politeness structures of this type of textbook by basing on the taxonomy of politeness structures which is proposed by House and Kasper (1981). The study is carried out through the adoption of quantitative, qualitative, analytic, and descriptive approaches.
The analysis of the data reveals some interesting findings. First of all, nine out of eleven politeness structures stated in House and Kasper (1981) taxonomy; namely, politeness markers, play-downs, consultative devices, hedges, understaters, downtoners, committers, hesitators, and agent avoiders were found to be used with varying degrees, but forewarnings and scope-staters were not found in any of the investigated conversations. This reveals the inadequate inclusion of politeness markers in the conversations of the intermediate level of the Hotel English textbook. Secondly, via the analysis, there were 143 politeness structures found in this textbook and they were utilized by both the server and the guest.
However, these politeness structures were distributed differently among the nine types of politeness structures and by the interlocutors. Particularly, politeness markers, consultative devices and downtoners are the structures accounting for the most common frequency; meanwhile, some structures appeared with the least frequency such as play- downs and hesitators. On the basis of the findings, some implications have been put forward. It is suggested that the teachers have a duty to help the learners to realize that politeness markers should be considered as the significant factors in hotel English so that the students can know how, when, and why these politeness markers can be appropriately used.
TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF CHARTS CHAPTER 1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES. SCOPE OF THE STUDY. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. Overview of the concepts. METHODS AND PROCEDURES.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. GENERAL FEATURES OF POLITENESS STRUCTURES IN FORTY-FIVE CONVERSATIONS. POLITENESS MARKERS IN THE INVESTIGATED CONVERSATIONS.
Forewarnings and Scope-staters. COMPARISONS OF USING POLITENESS STRUCTURES BETWEEN THE SERVER AND THE GUEST. 61 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.
1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Face threatening act: FTA Speaker: S Hearer: H Politeness structures: PSs Conversation: C Politeness markers: PM Play-downs: PD Consultative devices: CD Hedges: HED Under-staters: UN Down-toners: DO Committers: CO Forewarnings: FO Hesitators: HES Scope-staters: SS Agent avoiders: AA LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: The five general functions of speech acts (Yule 1996: 55). PSs in forty-five conversations. Frequency of each type of PSs. Frequency of the structure of play-downs.
Frequency of the structure of consultative devices. Frequency of the structure of hedges. Frequency of the structure of understaters. Frequency of the structure of downtoners.
Frequency of the structure of committers. Frequency of the structure of hesitators. Frequency of PSs used by the server and the guest. 57 LIST OF CHARTS Figure 4.
PSs in forty-five conversations. Politeness markers in forty-five conversations. Play-downs in forty-five conversations. Consultative devices in forty-five conversations.
Hedges in forty-five conversations. Understaters in forty-five conversations. Downtoners in forty-five conversations. Committers in forty-five conversations.
Hesitators in forty-five conversations. Agent avoiders in forty-five conversations. Comparison in politeness markers and agent avoiders. Comparison in play-downs and hesitators.
Comparison in Consultative devices and Committers. RATIONALE As a human being, anyone has a need to communicate with others in his/her community through the medium of language. Therefore, language is used as a communication tool not only in daily life but also in many fields of social life such as economics, politics, and religion. In any type of communication, interlocutors need to achieve satisfactory social interactions.
In order to reach these social and communicative goals, people should know some basic concepts such as respecting, protecting and valuing each other's face (Hernandez-Flores, 2004). As a result, people need to select some communicative strategies to provide a balance between their face and that of their interlocutors. Politeness is the most important factor that determines the success of any type of human communication. According to Louhiala-Salmenin and Kankaanranta (2010), the number of business professionals who pay attention to the importance of having a comprehensive knowledge of English as a lingua franca becomes outstandingly central in business contexts, especially in hotel industry.
In this case, following the politeness strategies can have a great impact on the success of social interactions. That is because complying with the politeness strategies help minimize any conflict and confrontation that may result from linguistic or cultural mismatches. The goal of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence; therefore, teaching practice as well as teaching materials must concentrate on developing not only the structure of the language but also its 2 sociolinguistic and pragmatic rules. Besides, most of the studies on the development of foreign language knowledge have revealed that focusing simply on the forms of language at the expense of its functions may lead to mere mastery of the grammar and vocabulary of the language but incomplete knowledge of pragmatic uses of the language.
Uso-Juan (2007: 208) wrttes: “While a grammar error when performing a negative face-threatening speech act may be seen as a language problem by native speakers, an error of appropriacy may characterize non-native speakers as rude and offensive”. Therefore, in this case, a textbook should be designed in a way that reflects a holistic view of the language. In recent years, in Vietnam, the demands for hotel and business English has increased, so a considerable number of English textbooks for hotel and business purpose have been designed and published. For these textbooks to meet the real-world professional demands of the learners, they must be designed based on some criteria, one of the most important of which is that they need provide situations through which learners will encounter in reality.
In order to avoid so-called “cultural shock” and “communication breakdown” in cross-cultural communication, the study of textbooks in terms of politeness markers is really necessary. Furthermore, the importance of the concept of politeness in the area of communication in hotel industry and the need for conducting studies in this domain cannot be denied. These inspire me to carry out a study “The politeness markers in the textbook “Hotel English”” in order to find out the types of politeness markers utilized and their functions in business English conversations in general and in English hotel conversations in particular. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.
Aims My aim in this study is: - to investigate politeness markers used in utterances in textbooks “Hotel English”; - to identify the functions of the identified politeness markers in utterances in textbooks “Hotel English”. Objectives To achieve the aims of the study, I will fulfill the following objectives: 1. To find out the politeness markers employed in utterances in the intermediate-level textbook “Hotel English”; 2. To examine the functions of the identified politeness markers in utterances in the intermediate-level textbook “Hotel English”.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study aims at investigating the following questions: 1. What types of politeness markers are employed in the utterances in the intermediate-level textbook “Hotel English”? 2. What are the functions of politeness markers utilized in utterances in the intermediate-level textbook “Hotel English”? 1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY I am fully aware that in communication, paralinguistic and extralinguistic factors are of great importance.
However, they are beyond the scope of this study because these factors are very complicated and linguists have not reached absolute agreement on these issues. In addition, some factors such as age, sex, or social status between interlocutors are important 4 because they affect the ways interlocutors display politeness. However, due to the limited time and my competence, this study does not deal with these factors. For the above-mentioned reasons, in this study, I focus mainly on identifying and analyzing the structure and function of the politeness markers in the conversations taken from the intermediate-level textbook “Hotel English” based on the taxonomy of politeness structure proposed by House and Kasper (1981) Furthermore, in this study, the term of politeness markers in the title of the thesis stands for politeness structures, 1.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Theoretically, the findings of the study will offer a better understanding about the politeness markers operating in hotel English conversations and supply background information for further research to be done on this field. Practically, the study will provide some practical suggestions for teaching and learning English as a foreign language in general and a useful resource for English teaching materials in hotel industry in particular. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Our study will be organized into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1, Introduction, contains the rationale, aims and objectives, research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the organization of the study. Chapter 2, Literature Review and Theoretical Background, presents a review of previous studies on the topic of the thesis and provides the theoretical background on which the present study is based.
5 Chapter 3, Research Methodology and Procedure, describes research methods, research procedures, description of data, and data analysis. Besides, reliability and validity of the data are mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, focuses on analyzing the data and discussing the results found through the data. Chapter 5, Conclusion and Implications, presents a summary of the results of the study, the implications, the limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research.
6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2. LITERATURE REVIEW To communicate with others, people need to use different tools of communication, and it can be said that language is the most important one. The use of language can be found in a conversation; thus, conversation is a real form of language uses. It is an exchange of words, sentences and many other expressions that happen when two or more people are involved in talking about a certain thing in a certain situation.