Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page i 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer Fundamentals and Engineering Applications Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page ii 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page iii 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer Fundamentals and Engineering Applications C. Sobhan National Institute of Technology Calicut, India G. Peterson University of Colorado Boulder, U. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.
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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.com Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page v 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Contents Preface. xvii Greek Symbols. xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Microscale Heat Transfer .1 Microscale Heat Transfer: A Recent Avenue in Energy Transport .2 State of the Art: Some Introductory Remarks .3 Overview of Microscale Transport Phenomena .1 Microchannel Flow and Convective Heat Transfer.2 Phase Change and Two-Phase Flow .3 Conduction and Radiation in the Microscale .4 Discussions on Size-Effect Behavior.1 Comments on Contradictory Observations in Microscale Convection .5 Fundamental Approach for Microscale Heat Transfer .1 Microscopic View Point and Energy Carriers.2 Boltzmann Transport Equation .3 Electromagnetic Waves and Maxwell’s Equations.4 Basics of Molecular Dynamics Modeling .6 Introduction to Engineering Applications of Microscale Heat Transfer.2 Microchannel Heat Exchangers .3 Micro Heat Pipes and Micro Heat Spreaders. 27 Chapter 2 Microscale Heat Conduction .1 Review of Conduction Heat Transfer .2 Conduction at the Microscale .3 Space and Timescales.
43 v Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page vi 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani vi 2.1 Thermal Conductivity Models .1 Thermal Conductivity Expression from Kinetic Theory.2 Thermal Conductivity Models for Solids.3 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids.4 Thermal Conductivity of Solid–Liquid Suspensions .2 Thermal Conductivity Prediction Using Molecular Dynamics.6 Boltzmann Equation and Phonon Transport.7 Conduction in Thin Films.2 Laser-Induced Heating .8 Heat Conduction in Electronic Devices.9 Measurement of Heat Conduction in the Microscale .1 Electrical Probe Techniques.10 Conduction in Semiconductor Devices .1 Conduction in Dielectric Films.2 Conduction in Crystalline Substances. 90 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Microscale Convection .2 Convective Heat Transfer in Microtubes and Channels .2 Conservation Laws and Governing Equations.3 Solution in Size-Affected Domains.2 Single-Phase Forced Convection in Microchannels .1 Flow Regimes and Flow Transition .2 Hydrodynamic and Thermal Entry Lengths.3 Nonconventional Analysis Methods .1 Electric Double Layer Theory for Ionic Fluids.2 Augmented Equations for Micropolar Fluids .3 Slip Flow Models for Gas Flow.4 Boiling and Two-Phase Flow .1 Two-Phase Flow Patterns.2 Boiling Curve and Critical Heat Flux .3 Boiling Nucleation and Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels .5 Condensation in Microchannels. 122 Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page vii 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani vii Chapter 4 Engineering Applications of Microscale Convective Heat Transfer .2 Research and Development .1 Early Investigations on Microscale Convective Heat Transfer .1 Single-Phase Liquid Flow.2 Gas Flow in Microchannels .3 Phase Change and Two-Phase Flow.2 Recent Advances in Microscale Convective Heat Transfer .1 Single-Phase Liquid Flow.3 Phase Change and Two-Phase Flow.3 Analysis of Systems for Engineering Applications .1 Computational Analysis of Microchannel Heat Sinks .1 Analysis of Rectangular Microchannels .2 Micro Fin Arrays in the Slip Flow Domain .1 Concentration and Diffusion Measurements .2 Temperature Field and Heat Transfer in Mini Channels .3 Other Visualization Methods .4 Micro Heat Pipes and Micro Heat Spreaders .1 Modeling of Conventional Micro Heat Pipes.2 Wire-Sandwiched (Wire-Bonded) Micro Heat Pipes .3 Flat Plate Micro Heat Spreaders .4 Other Innovative Designs of Micro Heat Pipes.5 Comparative Study of Micro Heat Pipes.5 Integration of Microchannel Heat Sinks to Substrates. 237 Chapter 5 Microscale Radiative Heat Transfer .3 Microscales in Radiative Transfer .1 Spatial Microscales for Radiation.4 Investigations of Microscale Radiation .1 Radiation Interaction with Microstructures and Materials .1 Radiation Scattering by Microstructures .2 Studies on Silicon Films .3 Superconducting Materials and Films.
263 Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page viii 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani viii 5.5 Modeling of Microscale Radiation .1 Particulate Systems: Modeling with Electrical Field.2 Thin Metallic Films: Boltzmann and Maxwell Equations .3 Short-Pulse Laser Interactions: Deviations from Classical Models .6 Radiation Properties in the Microscale Regime .7 Recent Developments in Theoretical Modeling. 285 Chapter 6 Nanoscale Thermal Phenomena .1 Length Scales for Nanoscale Heat Transfer .2 Heat Transfer Modes in Nanoscale Size-Affected Domains.3 Application Areas of Nanoscale Heat Transfer .2 Nanoparticles and Nanofluids .1 Preparation of Nanofluids .2 State of the Art in Experimental Investigations .1 Determination of Effective Thermal Conductivity .2 Studies on Thermal Conductivity .3 Transport Phenomena in Nanoparticle Suspensions.3 Measurements in Nanofluids .1 Effect of Temperature and Volume Fraction on Thermal Conductivity .2 Effect of Particle Size on Thermal Conductivity.3 Transient and Steady-State Experimental Methods for Nanofluids .4 Onset of Natural Convection .5 Forced Convection in Heat Exchangers .6 Phase Change Heat Transfer.2 Burnout Heat Flux .3 Effects of Agitation Time and Sedimentation on Burnout .1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation .1 Molecular Dynamics for Nanofluids.3 Simulations for Thermophysical Properties.4 Modeling of Thermal Phenomena. 350 Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page ix 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani ix 6.5 Special Topics in Thermal Phenomena .1 Natural Convection under Various Heating Conditions.2 Mixing Effect Due to Brownian Motion .3 Microconvection in Nanofluids. 370 Chapter 7 Numerical Examples.2 Microscale Convective Heat Transfer .4 Nanoscale Thermal Phenomena.
399 Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page x 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page xi 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani Preface Heat transfer in size-affected domains has become one of the most widely studied areas in thermal science and engineering in recent times. The ever increasing quest for miniaturization, especially in relation to microelectronics, has made this a topic of considerable interest over the past decade. The possibility of including heat sinks as an integral part of individual components, and the operational- and fabrication- related challenges in ensuring effective heat dissipation, have inspired investigators to focus their attention on heat transfer problems at very short length scales. This has led to a tremendous growth of research and the resultant publications in this field, particularly with regard to experimental and computational analyses.
The size effect, which becomes more and more pronounced when the domain size is reduced, offers special challenges to the researcher; whether the approach is based on micro- scale and nanoscale measurements using advanced (microelectrical systems) MEMS applications or on conventional, modified, or discrete computational methods. The past few years have seen an enormous amount of literature being published in the area of microscale and nanoscale thermal phenomena. One of the objectives of this work is to compile and discuss the most relevant findings from these investiga- tions, comparing and contrasting the methods and observations related to size- affected domains with conventional heat transfer analyses. Being active in research on microscale and nanoscale thermophysical phenomena in fluid domains, the authors have attempted to provide extensive discussions, based on work accom- plished by their research groups, as well as those published in the open literature.
Although not the authors’ direct areas of research, microscale conduction and radiation are presented as additional areas, based on information obtained from excellent research material published by eminent researchers on these topics. The opening chapter of the book provides an introduction to microscale heat transfer, where the general trends and observations in the technological area are discussed, focusing on both the early work and the more recent contributions. Chapter 2 deals with microscale conduction heat transfer, wherein application- oriented research, basic thermal conductivity models, microscale conduction meas- urement methods, and related topics are presented based on information taken from the most relevant publications and treatises. Chapters 3 and 4 present material on the fundamentals and engineering applications of microscale convective heat transfer, respectively.
Several methods of special analysis pertaining to microscale domains have been discussed in Chapter 3. Analysis and design aspects pertaining to engin- eering applications, related to microchannels, slip flow domains, and micro heat pipes are included in Chapter 4. Experimental studies using optical techniques for flow and heat transfer in small channels are also included in this chapter. A comprehensive review of microscale convective heat transfer, related to engineering applications, is also presented.
Chapter 5 deals with the fundamentals of microscale radiation, and some case studies from the literature on microscale radiation phenomena, which xi Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page xii 13.2008 3:59pm Compositor Name: BMani xii require special treatment. Important analysis methods and results from microscale radiation literature are reproduced and discussed in this chapter. Chapter 6 on nanoscale thermal phenomena emphasizes nanofluids, and their thermal behavior. A large fraction of the material presented in Chapters 4 and 6 is the result of the original efforts undertaken at the authors’ laboratories in the United States and India.
Worked out numerical examples have been included in the last chapter (Chapter 7). It is expected that these examples will help the reader in the application of the results of microscale and nanoscale heat transfer analysis in practical design problems, where such results can be directly applied. However, it should be noted that a majority of the microscale heat transfer problems require special analysis utilizing particular formulation methods and solution approaches. Still, the problems pre- sented in Chapter 7, covering all the modes of heat transfer discussed in the book, are meant to throw light on some of the differences and deviations to be taken into consideration while developing engineering designs related to microscale systems.
One of the limitations while dealing with dynamic emerging technologies is the difficulty in being comprehensive and inconclusive in the treatment of the subject in the form of a book. Notwithstanding this difficulty, and within the limited exposure to the vast resources of the subject matter, the authors do expect that the information provided would be useful and of interest to the graduate and research communities in this exciting new domain of knowledge. Peterson Sobhan/Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer 7307_C000 Final Proof page xiii 13.