com FREE BOOKS, NOTES & VIDEOS FOR CIVILSERVICES EBOOKS & UPSC PRELIMS USPC MAINS VIDEO FOR DAILY MAGZINES MATERIALS MATERIALS CIVILSERVICES NEWSAPERS SECUREIAS UPSC PRELIMS UPSC MAINS DELHI CIVILSERVICES TESTSERIES TESTSERIES STUDENTS BOOKS OPTIONAL SUBJECTS BOOKS, STATE PCS, SSC, BANKING TEST SERIES, VIDEOS & NOTES BOOKS, TESTS VIDEOS & NOTES 1.MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING BOOKS & MATERIAL 4. ECONOMICS OTHER TELEGRAM CHANNELS 8 PHYSICS 1 GOVERNMENT JOBS 9 COMMERCE ACCOUNTANCY 2 LEARN YOGA & MEDITATION 10 ANTHROPOLOGY 3 LEARN ENGLISH 11 LAW 4 BEST DELAS & OFFERS 12 PHILOSOPHY 5 IAS HINDI BOOKS 13 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTANCY 6 PDFs FOR ALL EXAMS 14 MEDICAL SCIENCE 7. WORLD DIGITAL LIBIRARY 1. CURRENT AFFAIRS CONTACT FOR ADVERTISEMENT IN ABOVE CHANNLES ADMIN1: ADMIN2: www.com Principles of Thermodynamics In this introductory textbook, thermodynamics is presented as a natural extension of mechanics so that the laws and concepts learned in mechanics serve to get acquainted with the theory.
The foundations of thermodynamics are presented in the first part. The second part covers a wide range of applications, which are of central importance in the fields of physics, chemistry and engineering, including calorimetry, phase transitions, heat engines and chemical reactions. In the third part, devoted to continuous media, Fourier and Fick’s laws, diffusion equations and many transport effects are derived using a unified approach. Each chapter concludes with a selection of worked examples and several exercises to reinforce key concepts under discussion.
A full solutions manual is available at the end of the book. It contains more than 150 problems based on contemporary issues faced by scientists and engineers that are solved in detail for undergraduate and graduate students. Jean-Philippe Ansermet is a professor of physics at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), a fellow of the American Physical Society and a past president of the Swiss Physical Society. He coordinated the teaching of physics at EPFL for 12 years.
His course on mechanics, taught for 25 years, was based on his textbook and a massive open online course (MOOC) that has generated over half a million views. For more than 15 years, he has taught thermodynamics to engineering and physics students. An expert in spintronics, he applies thermodynamics to analyse his pioneering experiments on giant magneto- resistance, or heat–driven spin torques and predict novel effects. Brechet completed his PhD studies in theoretical cosmology at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge as an Isaac Newton fellow.
He is lecturer at the Institute of Physics at EPFL. He teaches mechanics, thermodynamics and electro- magnetism to first-year students. His current research focuses on theoretical modelling in condensed matter physics and more particularly in spintronics. Merging the fields of non- equilibrium thermodynamics, continuum mechanics and electromagnetism, he brought new insight to spintronics and fluid mechanics.
In particular, he predicted in 2013 the existence of a fundamental irreversible thermodynamic effect now called the Magnetic Seebeck effect.com Principles of Thermodynamics JEAN-PHILIPPE ANSERMET École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne SYLVAIN D. BRECHET École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne www.com University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.org Information on this title: www.1017/9781108620932 © Jean-Philippe Ansermet and Sylvain D. Brechet 2019 This publication is in copyright.
Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2019 First edition in French published by Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 2016. Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ansermet, Jean-Philippe, 1957- author.
Title: Principles of thermodynamics / Jean-Philippe Ansermet (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Sylvain D. Other titles: Thermodynamique. English Description: Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2018. | Originally published in French: Thermodynamique (Lausanne : EPFL, 2013).
| Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018030098 | ISBN 9781108426091 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Thermodynamics–Textbooks. | Thermodynamics–Problems, exercises, etc.
Classification: LCC QC311.7–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.gov/2018030098 ISBN 978-1-108-42609-1 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.org/9781108426091 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.com Contents Preface page xiii Acknowledgments xv Part I Foundations 1 1 Thermodynamic System and First Law 3 1.3 State, Variables and State Functions 5 1.4 Processes and Change of State 7 1.5 Extensive and Intensive Quantities 8 1.6 First Law of Thermodynamics 9 1.7 Thermodynamics and Mechanics 11 1.9 Damped Harmonic Oscillator 16 1.10 Worked Solutions 18 Exercises 23 2 Entropy and Second Law 26 2.3 Heat and Entropy 29 2.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 31 2.6 Closed and Rigid Simple System 35 2.7 Adiabatic and Closed Mechanical System 36 2.8 Open, Rigid and Adiabatic System 37 2.9 Closed Simple System 37 2.10 Open, Rigid and Diathermal System 39 2.11 Worked Solutions 41 Exercises 46 3 Thermodynamics of Subsystems 49 3.2 Rigid and Impermeable Diathermal Wall 50 v www.com vi Contents 3.3 Moving, Impermeable and Diathermal Wall 53 3.4 Rigid and Permeable Diathermal Wall 55 3.5 Movable and Permeable Diathermal Wall 58 3.6 Worked Solutions 59 Exercises 67 4 Thermodynamic Potentials 70 4.5 Equilibrium of Subsystems Coupled to a Reservoir 79 4.6 Heat and Work of Systems Coupled to Reservoirs 82 4.8 Worked Solutions 87 Exercises 96 Part II Phenomenology 101 5 Calorimetry 103 5.2 Thermal Response Coefficients 105 5.3 Third Law of Thermodynamics 108 5.5 Specific Heat of Solids 110 5.7 Thermal Response Coefficients of the Ideal Gas 112 5.8 Entropy of the Ideal Gas 114 5.9 Worked Solutions 118 Exercises 127 6 Phase Transitions 129 6.2 The Concavity of Entropy 131 6.3 The Convexity of Internal Energy 133 6.4 Stability and Entropy 135 6.5 Stability and Thermodynamic Potentials 137 6.8 The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 144 6.9 Gibbs Phase Rule 145 6.10 Van der Waals Gas 147 6.11 Worked Solutions 151 Exercises 160 www.com vii Contents 7 Heat Engines 166 7.4 Reversible Processes on an Ideal Gas 174 7.5 Carnot Cycle for an Ideal Gas 176 7.6 Efficiency and Coefficients of Performance 179 7.7 Endoreversible Carnot Cycle 181 7.9 Heat Pump and Refrigerator 185 7.10 Worked Solutions 187 Exercises 196 8 Chemistry and Electrochemistry 203 8.3 Matter Balance and Chemical Dissipation 208 8.4 Molar Volume, Entropy and Enthalpy 209 8.5 Mixture of Ideal Gases 212 8.8 Worked Solutions 223 Exercises 232 Part III Continuous Media 239 9 Matter and Electromagnetic Fields 241 9.2 Insulators and Electromagnetic Fields 243 9.3 Conductors and Electromagnetic Fields 250 9.4 Conductor and External Electromagnetic Fields 259 9.6 Worked Solutions 266 Exercises 273 10 Thermodynamics of Continuous Media 277 10.4 Worked Solutions 298 Exercises 304 11 Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes 308 11.1 Historical Introduction 308 www.com viii Contents 11.2 Linear Empirical Relations 310 11.3 Chemical Reactions and Viscous Friction 313 11.6 Worked Solutions 333 Exercises 349 Part IV Exercises and Solutions 361 1 Thermodynamic System and First Law 363 1.1 State Function: Mathematics 363 1.2 State Function: Ideal Gas 363 1.3 State Function: Rubber Cord 364 1.4 State Function: Volume 364 1.5 Cyclic Rule for the Ideal Gas 366 1.6 Evolution of Salt Concentration 366 1.7 Capilarity: Contact Angle 368 1.8 Energy: Thermodynamics Versus Mechanics 369 1.9 Damped Harmonic Oscillator 371 2 Entropy and Second Law 372 2.1 Entropy as a State Function 372 2.2 Work as a Process-Dependent Quantity 373 2.5 Heating by Stirring 375 2.7 Reversible and Irreversible Gas Expansion 378 3 Thermodynamics of Subsystems 379 3.1 Thermalisation of Two Separate Gases 379 3.2 Thermalisation of Two Separate Substances 380 3.3 Diffusion of a Gas through a Permeable Wall 381 3.4 Mechanical Damping by Heat Flow 382 3.5 Entropy Production by Thermalisation 385 3.6 Entropy Production by Heat Transfer 385 3.7 Thermalisation by Radiation 386 4 Thermodynamic Potentials 388 4.2 Irreversible Heat Transfer 388 4.3 Internal Energy as Function of T and V 389 4.5 Massieu Functions 390 www.com ix Contents 4.6 Gibbs–Helmoltz Equations 391 4.7 Pressure in a Soap Bubble 392 4.8 Pressure in a Droplet 393 4.9 Isothermal Heat of Surface Expansion 394 4.10 Thermomechanical Properties of an Elastic Rod 395 4.11 Chemical Power 396 5 Calorimetry 399 5.1 Heat Transfer as a Function of V and p 399 5.3 Heat Transfer at Constant Pressure 400 5.4 Specific Heat of a Metal 401 5.5 Work in Adiabatic Compression 401 5.6 Slopes of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes 402 5.7 Adsorption Heating of Nanoparticles 402 5.8 Thermal Response Coefficients 403 6 Phase Transitions 405 6.2 Cooling Water with Ice Cubes 405 6.3 Wire through Ice without Cutting 406 6.6 Positivity of Thermal Response Coefficients 410 6.8 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Droplets 413 6.9 Melting Point of Nanoparticles 414 6.10 Work on a van der Waals Gas 416 6.11 Inversion Temperature of the Joule–Thomson Process 416 6.13 Eutectic 418 7 Heat Engines 420 7.2 Power Plant Cooled by a River 420 7.9 Rankine Cycle for a Biphasic Fluid 436 www.com x Contents 8 Chemistry and Electrochemistry 439 8.1 Oxidation of Ammonia 439 8.3 Coupled Chemical Reactions 440 8.5 Enthalpy of Formation 443 8.6 Work and Heat of a Chemical Reaction 444 8.7 Mass Action Law: Esterification 445 8.8 Mass Action Law: Carbon Monoxide 445 8.9 Entropy of Mixing 447 8.11 Boiling Temperature of Salt Water 450 8.15 Osmosis Power Plant 454 9 Matter and Electromagnetic Fields 456 9.1 Vapour Pressure of a Paramagnetic Liquid 456 9.2 Magnetic-Field Induced Adsorption or Desorption 457 9.5 Magnetic Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 460 9.8 Electromechanical Circuit 464 10 Thermodynamics of Continuous Media 467 10.1 Chemical Substance Balance 467 10.2 Pressure Time Derivative and Gradient 467 10.3 Oil and Water Container 469 10.4 Floating Tub Stopper 469 10.5 Temperature Profile of the Earth’s Atmosphere 471 10.7 Velocity Field Inside a Pipe 474 10.8 Divergence of a Velocity Field 475 11 Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes 478 11.1 Heat Diffusion Equation 478 11.3 Heat Equation with Heat Source 480 11.4 Joule Heating in a Wire 481 11.5 Thomson Heating in a Wire 482 www.com xi Contents 11.9 ZT Coefficient of a Thermoelectric Material 492 11.10 Transverse Transport Effects 495 11.12 Heat Transport and Crystal Symmetry 498 11.13 Planar Ettingshausen Effect 499 11.16 Effusivity 510 References 515 Index 525 www.com Preface Thermodynamics is a theory which establishes the relationship between the physical quantities that characterise the macroscopic properties of a system. In this textbook, thermodynamics is presented as a physical theory which is based upon two fundamental laws pertaining to energy and entropy, which can be applied to many different systems in chemistry and physics, including transport phenomena. By asserting that energy and entropy are state functions, we eliminate the need to master the physical significance of differentials. Thus, thermodynamics becomes accessible to anyone with an elementary mathematical background.
As the notion of entropy is introduced early on, it is readily possible to analyse out-of-equilibrium processes taking place in systems composed of simple blocks. Students engaging with thermodynamics have the opportunity to discover a broad range of phenomena. However, they are faced with a challenge. Unlike Newtonian mechanics where forces are the cause of acceleration, the mathematical formalism of thermodynamics does not present an explicit link between cause and effect.
Nowadays, it is customary to introduce temperature by referring to molecular agitation and entropy by invoking Boltzmann’s formula. However, in this book, the intrusion of notions of statistical physics are deliberately avoided.