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Engineering http://www.com Copyright ©2008 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
This McGraw−Hill Primis text may include materials submitted to McGraw−Hill for publication by the instructor of this course. The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of such materials. 111 ENGNGEN ISBN: 0−390−86122−7 MathematicalScope.com Engineering Contents Çengel • Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer, Second Edition Front Matter 1 Preface 1 1. Introduction and Overview 8 I.
Introduction and Basic Concepts 27 3. Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis 62 4. Properties of Pure Substances 114 5. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems 162 6.
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes 204 7. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 256 8. Heat Transfer 375 Introduction 375 9. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 376 10.
Steady Heat Conduction 404 11. Transient Heat Conduction 474 12. External Forced Convection 528 13. Internal Forced Convection 574 14.
Radiation Heat Transfer 656 16. Heat Exchangers 716 Back Matter 767 Appendix 1: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units) 767 Appendix 2: Property Tables and Charts (English Units) 811 Index 849 iii MathematicalScope.com This page intentionally left blank MathematicalScope.com Çengel: Introduction to Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill 1 Thermodynamics and Heat Companies, 2008 Transfer, Second Edition P R E F A C E BACKGROUND his text is an abbreviated version of standard thermodynamics and heat T transfer texts, covering topics that the engineering students are most likely to need in their professional lives. The thermodynamics portion of this text is based on the text Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Y. Boles, and the heat transfer portion is based on Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach by Y.
Çengel, both published by McGraw-Hill. Most chapters are practically independent of each other and can be covered in any order. The text is well-suited for curricula that have a common introductory course on thermodynamics and heat transfer. Instructors who desire to incorporate some coverage of fluid mechanics in their courses may wish to use the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences in- stead, as it offers coverage of the essentials of fluid mechanics in addition to the thermodynamics and the heat transfer coverage in this book.
It is recognized that all topics of thermodynamics, and heat transfer cannot be covered adequately in a typical three-semester-hour course, and, therefore, sacrifices must be made from the depth if not from the breadth. Selecting the right topics and finding the proper level of depth and breadth are no small challenge for the instructors, and this text is intended to serve as the ground for such selection. Students in a combined thermal sciences course can gain a basic understanding of energy and energy interactions, as well as various mechanisms of heat transfer. Such a course can also instill in students the con- fidence and the background to do further reading of their own and to be able to communicate effectively with specialists in thermal sciences.
OBJECTIVES This book is intended for use as a textbook in a first course in thermal sciences for undergraduate engineering students in their junior or senior year, and as a reference book for practicing engineers. Students are assumed to have an ad- equate background in calculus, physics, and engineering mechanics. The ob- jectives of this text are • To cover the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer. • To present numerous and diverse real-world engineering examples to give students a feel for how thermal sciences are applied in engineering practice.
• To develop an intuitive understanding of thermal sciences by emphasiz- ing the physics and physical arguments. The text contains sufficient material to give instructors flexibility and to accommodate their preferences on the right blend of thermodynamics and heat transfer for their students. By careful selection of topics, an instructor can spend one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of the course on thermodynamics and the rest on selected topics of heat transfer.com 2 Çengel: Introduction to Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Thermodynamics and Heat Companies, 2008 Transfer, Second Edition xvi | Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer PHILOSOPHY AND GOAL The philosophy that contributed to the warm reception of the first edition of this book has remained unchanged. Namely, our goal is to offer an engineer- ing textbook that • Communicates directly to the minds of tomorrow’s engineers in a sim- ple yet precise manner.
• Leads students towards a clear understanding and firm grasp of the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer. • Encourages creative thinking and development of a deeper understand- ing and intuitive feel for thermodynamics and heat transfer. • Is read by students with interest and enthusiasm rather than being used as an aid to solve problems. Special effort has been made to appeal to readers’ natural curiosity and to help students explore the various facets of the exciting subject area of thermal sci- ences.
The enthusiastic response we received from the users of the previous edition—from small colleges to large universities all over the world— indicates that our objectives have largely been achieved. It is our philosophy that the best way to learn is by practice. Therefore, special effort is made throughout the book to reinforce material that was presented earlier. Yesterday’s engineers spent a major portion of their time substituting values into the formulas and obtaining numerical results.
However, now formula manipulations and number crunching are being left to computers. Tomorrow’s engineer will need to have a clear understanding and a firm grasp of the basic principles so that he or she can understand even the most complex problems, formulate them, and interpret the results. A conscious effort is made to emphasize these basic principles while also providing students with a look at how modern tools are used in engineering practice. NEW IN THIS EDITION All the popular features of the previous edition is retained while new ones are added.
The main body of the text remains largely unchanged except that two new chapters are added, and two chapters are removed. The most significant changes in this edition are highlighted below. EARLY INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The first law of thermodynamics is now introduced early Chapter 3, “Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis.” This introductory chapter sets the framework of establishing a general understanding of various forms of en- ergy, mechanisms of energy transfer, the concept of energy balance, thermo- economics, energy conversion, and conversion efficiency using familiar settings that involve mostly electrical and mechanical forms of energy. It also exposes students to some exciting real-world applications of thermodynamics early in the course, and helps them establish a sense of the monetary value of energy.com Çengel: Introduction to Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill 3 Thermodynamics and Heat Companies, 2008 Transfer, Second Edition Preface | xvii COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS WITH EXTENSIVE PARAMETRIC STUDIES A distinctive feature of this edition is the incorporation of numerous compre- hensive problems that require conducting extensive parametric studies, using the enclosed EES (or other suitable) software.
Students are asked to study the effects of certain variables in the problems on some quantities of interest, to plot the results, and to draw conclusions from the results obtained. These problems are designated by a square computer-EES icon for easy recognition, and can be ignored if desired. Solutions of these problems are given in the Instructor’s Manual. EXPANDED COVERAGE OF CONVECTION Forced convection is now covered in two chapters instead of one.
Chapter 12 deals with the practical analysis of external convection while Chapter 13 deals with the practical aspects of internal convection. UPDATED STEAM AND REFRIGERANT-134A TABLES The steam and refrigerant-134a tables are updated using the most current property data from EES. Tables A-4 through A-8, and A-11 through A-13, as well as their counterparts in English units have all been revised. All the exam- ples and homework problems in the text that involve steam or refrigerant-134a are also revised to reflect the small changes in steam and refrigerant proper- ties.
An added advantage of this update is that students will get the same result when solving problems whether they use steam or refrigerant properties from EES or property tables in the Appendices. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Each chapter now begins with an overview of the material to be covered and chapter-specific learning objectives to introduce the material and to set goals. CONTENT CHANGES AND REORGANIZATION The noteworthy changes in various chapters are summarized below for those who are familiar with the previous edition. • The text now starts with a new introductory chapter Introduction and Overview where thermodynamics and heat transfer are introduced, di- mensions and units are discussed, and a systematic problem solving ap- proach is described.
• The new Chapter 3 mainly consists of the sections Forms of Energy, En- ergy and the Environment, Energy Transfer by Heat, Energy Transfer by Work, Mechanical Forms of Energy, The First Law of Thermodynamics, and Energy Conversion Efficiencies. • Chapters 3 and 4 (now Chapters 5 and 6) on the first law of thermody- namics for closed systems and control volumes remain largely un- changed, but a new intutive “energy balance” approach is used in problem solving. Also, coverage is extended to include unsteady flow systems. • Chapter 6 (now Chapter 8) Entropy is revised considerably, and the sec- tion on Entropy Balance is moved to the end of the chapter.com 4 Çengel: Introduction to Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill Thermodynamics and Heat Companies, 2008 Transfer, Second Edition xviii | Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer • Chapter 7 Power and Refrigeration Cycles is deleted, but is available for downloading from the web site as a PDF file if needed.
• Chapter 8, Steady Heat Conduction, is now replaced by two chapters: Chapter 9 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer, where the three basic heat transfer mechanisms are introduced; and Chapter 10 Steady Heat Con- duction, where steady conduction problems in various geometries are solved. • Chapter 9 (now Chapter 11), Transient Heat Conduction, is greatly ex- panded to include the derivation of one-term solutions and additional cases of heat transfer in semi-infinite bodies. • Chapter 10, Forced Convection, is now replaced by two chapters: Chap- ter 12 External Forced Convection, where the basic concepts of convec- tion are introduced and drag and heat transfer for flow over surfaces, including flow over tube banks, are discussed; and Chapter 13 Internal Forced Convection, where pressure drop and heat transfer for flow in tubes are presented. • Chapter 11 (now Chapter 14) Natural Convection is completely rewritten.
The Grashof number is derived from a momentum balance on a differen- tial volume element, some Nusselt number relations (especially those for rectangular enclosures) are updated, and the section Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces is expanded to include heat transfer from PCBs.