com P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 www.com xviii Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 F UNDAMENTALS OF T HERMODYNAMICS SEVENTH EDITION CLAUS BORGNAKKE RICHARD E. SONNTAG University of Michigan For more study material and Home Tution contact us : 9155009787,9155128661 and visit at :- aimedsuccess John Wiley & Sons, Inc.com i Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 For more study material and Home Tution contact us : 9155009787,9155128661 and visit at :- aimedsuccess PUBLISHER Don Fowley ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Dan Sayre ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Michael McDonald SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR Nicole Repasky MARKETING MANAGER Christopher Ruel CREATIVE DIRECTOR Harry Nolan DESIGNER Hope Miller PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES Aptara® Corporation Inc. EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Rachael Leblond MEDIA EDITOR Lauren Sapira COVER PHOTO c Corbis Digital Stock This book was set in Times New Roman by Aptara Corporation and printed and bound by R. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color.
This book is printed on acid free paper. ∞ Copyright c 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). ISBN-13 978-0-470-04192-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.com ii Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 Preface In this seventh edition we have retained the basic objective of the earlier editions: • to present a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics while retaining an engineering perspective, and in doing so • to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in such fields as fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and statistical thermodynamics, and also • to prepare the student to effectively use thermodynamics in the practice of engineering.
We have deliberately directed our presentation to students. New concepts and defini- tions are presented in the context where they are first relevant in a natural progression. The first thermodynamic properties to be defined (Chapter 2) are those that can be readily mea- sured: pressure, specific volume, and temperature. In Chapter 3, tables of thermodynamic properties are introduced, but only in regard to these measurable properties.
Internal energy and enthalpy are introduced in connection with the first law, entropy with the second law, and the Helmholtz and Gibbs functions in the chapter on thermodynamic relations. Many real world realistic examples have been included in the book to assist the student in gaining an understanding of thermodynamics, and the problems at the end of each chapter have been carefully sequenced to correlate with the subject matter, and are grouped and identi- fied as such. The early chapters in particular contain a much larger number of examples, illustrations and problems than in previous editions, and throughout the book, chapter-end summaries are included, followed by a set of concept/study problems that should be of benefit to the students. NEW FEATURES IN THIS EDITION In-Text-Concept Question For this edition we have placed concept questions in the text after major sections of material to allow students to reflect on the material just presented.
These questions are intended to be quick self tests for students or used by teachers as wrap up checks for each of the subjects covered. Most of these are straightforward conclusions from the material without being memory facts, but a few will require some extended thoughts and we do provide a short answer in the solution manual. Additional concept questions are placed as homework problems at the end of each chapter. End-of-Chapter Engineering Applications We have added a short section at the end of each chapter that we call engineering applications.
These sections present motivating material with informative examples of how the particular chapter material is being used in engineering. The vast majority of these sections do not have any material with equations or developments of theory but they do contain pictures iii www.com Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 iv PREFACE and explanations about a few real physical systems where the chapter material is relevant for the engineering analysis and design. We have deliberately kept these sections short and we do not try to explain all the details in the devices shown so the reader can get an idea about the applications in a relatively short time. For some of the later chapters where the whole chapter could be characterized as an engineering application this section can be a little involved including formulas and theory.
We have placed these sections in the end of the chapters so we do not disrupt the main flow of the presentation, but we do suggest that each instructor try to incorporate some of this material up front as motivation for students to study this particular chapter material. Chapter of Power and Refrigeration Cycles Split into Two Chapters The previous edition Chapter 11 with power and refrigeration systems has been separated into two chapters, one with cycles involving a change of phase for the working substance and one chapter with gas cycles. We added some material to each of the two chapters, but kept the balance between them. We have added a section about refrigeration cycle configurations and included new substances as alternative refrigerants R-410a and carbon dioxide in the printed B-section tables.
This does allow for a more modern treatment and examples with current system design features. The gas cycles have been augmented by the inclusion of the Atkinson and Miller cycles. These cycles are important for the explanations of the cycle variations that are being used for the new hybrid car engines and this allows us to present material that is relevant to the current state of the art technology. Chapter with Compressible Flow For this edition we have been able to again offer the chapter with compressible flow last printed in the 5th edition.
In-Text Concept questions, concept study-guide problems and new homework problems are included to match the rest of the book. FEATURES CONTINUED FROM 6TH EDITION End-of-Chapter Summaries The new end-of-chapter summaries provide a short review of the main concepts covered in the chapter, with highlighted key words. To further enhance the summary we have listed the set of skills that the student should have mastered after studying the chapter. These skills are among the outcomes that can be tested with the accompanying set of study-guide problems in addition to the main set of homework problems.
Main Concepts and Formulas Main concepts and formulas are included at the end of each chapter, for reference and a collection of these will be available on Wiley’s website. Study Guide Problems We have revised the set of study guide problems for each chapter as a quick check of the chapter material. These are selected to be short and directed toward a very specific concept. A student can answer all of these questions to assess their level of understanding, and www.com Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 PREFACE v determine if any of the subjects need to be studied further.
These problems are also suitable to use together with the rest of the homework problems in assignments and included in the solution manual. Homework Problems The number of homework problems has been greatly expanded and now exceeds 2800. A large number of introductory problems have been added to cover all aspects of the chapter material. We have furthermore separated the problems into sections according to subject for easy selection according to the particular coverage given.
A number of more comprehensive problems have been retained and grouped in the end as review problems. Tables The tables of the substances have been expanded to include alternative refrigerant R-410a which is the replacement for R-22 and carbon dioxide which is a natural refri- gerant. Several more new substance have been included in the software. The ideal gas tables have been printed on a mass basis as well as a mole basis, to reflect their use on mass basis early in the text, and mole basis for the combustion and chemical equilibrium chapters.
Revisions In this edition we have incorporated a number of developments and approaches included in our recent textbook, Introduction to Engineering Thermodynamics, Richard E. Sonntag and Claus Borgnakke, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In Chapter 3, we first introduce thermodynamic tables, and then note the behavior of superheated vapor at progressively lower densities, which leads to the definition of the ideal gas model. Also to distinguish the different subjects we made seperate sections for the compressibility factor, equations of state and the computerized tables.
In Chapter 5, the result of ideal gas energy depending only on temperature follows the examination of steam table values at different temperatures and pressures. Second law presentation in Chapter 7 is streamlined, with better integration of the concepts of thermodynamic temperature and ideal gas temperature. We have also expanded the discussion about temperature differences in the heat transfer as it influences the heat engine and heat pump cycles and finally added a short listing of historical events related to thermodynamics. The coverage of entropy in Chapter 8 has been rearranged to have sections with entropy for solids/liquids and ideal gases followed by the polytropic proccesses before the treatment of the irreversible processes.
This completes the presentation of the entropy and its evaluation for different phases and variation in different reversible processes before proceeding to the actual processes. The description of entropy generation in actual pro- cesses has been strengthened. It is now more specific with respect to the location of the irreversibilities and clearly connecting this to the selected control volume. We have also added an example to tie the entropy to the concept of chaos at the molecular level giving a real physical meaning to the abstract concept of entropy.
The analysis for the general control volume in Chapter 9 is extended with the presentation of the actual shaft work for the steady state single flow processes leading to the simplified version in the Bernoulli equation. We again here reinforce the con- cept of entropy generation and where it happens. We have added a new section with a www.com Confirmation Pages P1: PCX/OVY P2: PCX/OVY QC: PCX/OVY T1: PCX GTBL057-FM GTBL057-Borgnakke-v7 June 14, 2008 0:9 vi PREFACE comprehensive step by step presentation of a control volume analysis which really is the essence of what students should learn. A revision of the reversible work and exergy in Chapter 10 has reduced the number of equations and focused on the basic idea leading to the concept of reversible work and irreversibility.
We emphasize that a specific situation is a simplification of the general analysis and we then show the exergy comes from the reversible work. This makes the final exergy balance equation less abstract and its use is explained in the section with engineering applications. The previous single chapter with cycles has been separated into two chapters as explained above as a new feature in this edition. Mixtures and moist air in Chapter 13 is retained but we have added a number of prac- tical air-conditioning systems and components as examples in the section with engineering applications.