Graduate Texts in Physics Helmut Wiedemann Particle Accelerator Physics Fourth Edition www.com Graduate Texts in Physics Series Editors Sadri Hassani Illinois, USA W. Munro Kanagawa, Japan Richard Needs Cambridge, UK William T. Rhodes Florida, USA Martin Stutzmann Garching, Germany Andreas Wipf Jena, Germany www.com Graduate Texts in Physics Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively.
International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field. More information about this series at www.com/series/8431 www.com Helmut Wiedemann Particle Accelerator Physics Fourth Edition 123 www.com Helmut Wiedemann Emeritus Professor of Applied Physics and of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California, USA ISSN 1868-4513 ISSN 1868-4521 (electronic) Graduate Texts in Physics ISBN 978-3-319-18316-9 ISBN 978-3-319-18317-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18317-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945573 Open Access This book was originally published with exclusive rights reserved by the Publisher in 2015 and was licensed as an open access publication in November 2019 under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book may be included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material or in the Correction Note appended to the book.
For details on rights and licenses please read the Correction https://doi. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2015, corrected publication 2019 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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The correction to this book can be found at https://doi.1007/978-3-319-18317-6_28 Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.com To my sons and students www.com Preface to Fourth Edition Just 20 years have passed since the first edition. During those years, the book has gone through several phases starting with the two volume edition 1 and 2. Finally in 2007, both volumes and the book on Synchrotron Radiation have been combined into the Third-Edition as one volume to serve as a textbook for students and beginners as well as a reference book for the practitioners. Now it has become necessary to review the text and upgrade to include new developments.
It also has become apparent that the decision for the Third-Edition to eliminate introductory accelerator physics was not correct. Use of this text for beginners is quite broad, and the introduction to accelerator physics is desired. Therefore, three chapters have been added at the beginning to introduce a variety of accelerators and their functioning. In support to teaching, many problems with solutions have been added for those chapters.
The author also tried to distinguish between introductory chapters and chapters which lead to more detailed subjects and show proofs. Chapters which can be skipped on a first reading have been labeled with a star : As mentioned, the text includes many problems with and without solutions. The idea was to give solutions for the beginners while more advanced problems are not suitable for solutions in a textbook. Accelerator physics is not a collection of homework problems.
Many questions and problems are rather complex and need to be treated in context with their impact on other systems. In most cases, there is no one optimum solution. Individual parameter choices must be made and modified according to their impact on other systems. Choices in beam dynamics, for example, have an impact on magnet design or RF-system parameters, etc.
affecting the design of power supplies or financial budget. Straightforward design choices permeate through almost all other components requiring careful evaluation. Often the consequence of one parameter choice on other systems will become apparent only after considerable further design optimization. Unfortunately, often compromises must be made because of financial considerations.
Work in accelerator physics includes often several approximations, and the designer should not hesitate to start over again with new insight. All this cannot be included in problem solutions in a textbook. However, it seemed to the author interesting to throw up such design problems which the interested reader can use to make his/her choices.com viii Preface to Fourth Edition Finally, in the last chapter on Free Electron Lasers, a short introduction into the components of a SASE-FEL facility is given. This introduction must be short and limited to the discussion of issues and function of main components in this text.
Much more detail is required to design such a facility and a dedicated textbook is desirable. I would like to thank all staff at Springer Publishing, especially the Editor Dr. Christian Caron, Production Coordinator Mrs. Birgit Muench, the Production Editor and Manager Ms.
Shanthi Ramamoorthy, and Ms. Fathima Rizwana for their careful editing, support, and help before and during the production process. Chiang Mai, Thailand Helmut Wiedemann February, 2015 www.com Preface to Third Edition This issue of Particle Accelerator Physics is intended to combine the content of two earlier volumes and the volume on synchrotron radiation into one reference book. This book is designed for the serious scientist and student to acquire the underlying physics of electron accelerator physics.
Introductory discussions on various types of accelerators have been eliminated, being well documented in the literature. Beam optics has been formulated in a general way as to be applicable also to proton and ion beams. Following the requests of many readers many solutions to exercises are given in the Appendix. Breaking with the author’s preference, Standard International units are used in this edition.
In Appendix B, transformation rules are given to convert formulae between SI and cgs systems. In the process of rewriting the texts, known typographical and real errors have been corrected. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all readers pointing out such errors. I would like to thank all staff at Springer who have contributed to the publication of this text.
Foremost, I thank Dr. Christian Caron for his suggestion and encourage- ment to combine several textbooks into one reference volume. For the expert editing and cover design I thank Mrs. Birgit Muench and her staff.
Finally, it is a pleasure to thank Ms. Bhawna Narang from Techbooks for her patient and thorough preparation of the proofs and final printing. Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand Helmut Wiedemann March 2007 ix www.com Preface to First Edition, Volume I The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive introduction into the physics of particle accelerators and particle beam dynamics.Particle accelerators have become important research tools in high energy physics as well as sources of incoherent and coherent radiation from the far infra red to hard X-rays for basic and applied research. During years of teaching accelerator physics, it became clear that the single most annoying obstacle to get introduced into the field is the absence of a suitable textbook.
Indeed most information about modern accelerator physics is contained in numerous internal notes from authors working mostly in high energy physics laboratories all over the world. This text intends to provide a broad introduction and reference book into the field of accelerators for graduate students, engineers, and scientists summarizing many ideas and findings expressed in such internal notes and elsewhere. In doing so, theories are formulated in a general way to become applicable for any kind of charged particles. Writing such a text, however, poses the problem of correct referencing of original ideas.
I have tried to find the earliest references among more or less accessible notes and publications and have listed those although the reader may have difficulty to obtain the original paper. In spite of great effort to be historically correct, I apologize for possible omissions and misquotes. This situation made it necessary to rederive again some of such ideas rather than quote the results and refer the interested reader to the original publication. I hope this approach will not offend the original authors, but rather provides a broader distribution of their original ideas, which have become important to the field of accelerator physics.
This text is split into two volumes. The first volume is designed to be self- contained and is aimed at newcomers into the field of accelerator physics, but also to those who work in related fields and desire some background on basic principles of raccelerator physics. The first volume therefore gives an introductory survey of fundamental principles of particle acceleration followed by the theory of linear beam dynamics in the transverse as well as longitudinal phase space including a detailed discussion of basic magnetic focusing units. Concepts of single and multi-particle beam dynamics are introduced.com xii Preface to First Edition, Volume I Synchrotron radiation, its properties and effect on beam dynamics and electron beam parameters, is described in considerable detail followed by a discussion of beam instabilities on an introductory level, beam lifetime and basic lattice design concepts.
The second volume is aimed specifically to those students, engineers, and scientists who desire to immerse themselves deeper into the physics of particle accelerators. It introduces the reader to higher order beam dynamics, Hamiltonian particle dynamics, general perturbation theory, nonlinear beam optics, chromatic and geometric aberrations, and resonance theory. The interaction of particle beams with rf fields of the accelerating system and beam loading effects are described in some detail relevant to accelerator physics. Following a detailed derivation of the theory of synchrotron radiation particle beam phenomena are discussed while utilizing the Vlasov and Fokker Planck equations leading to the discussion of beam parameters and their manipulation and collective beam instabilities.
Finally, design concepts and new developments of particle accelerators as synchrotron radiation sources or research tools in high energy physics are discussed in some detail. This text grew out of a number of lecture notes for accelerator physics courses at Stanford University, the Synchrotron Radiation Research Laboratory in Taiwan, the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil, the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste and the US Particle Accelerator School as well as from interaction with students attending those classes and my own graduate students. During almost 30 years in this field, I had the opportunity to work with numerous individuals and accelerators in laboratories around the world. Having learned greatly from these interactions, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who interacted with me and have had the patience to explain their ideas, share their results, or collaborate with me.