MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG A STUDY ON EPISTEMIC MODALITY IN ENGLISH INSPIRATIONAL SPEECHES Field English Linguistics Code 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH MAI SƯƠNG TÌNH THÁI NHẬN THỨC THỂ HIỆN TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU TRUYỀN CẢM HỨNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH Chuyên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the thesis entitled A Study on Epistemic Modality in English Inspirational Speeches is my own original work. I further declare that this paper has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma.
Any works of other authors consulted in this thesis are listed in the reference. Quy Nhon, 2021 e ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude. First of all, I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Assoc. Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, who has devoted her time and effort to giving critical comments and precious advice for me in spite of her huge workload.
Without her patience and constant encouragement during the process of conducting this study, the work would never have been completed. Secondly, my warmest thanks go to all lecturers from the Department of Foreign Languages and the staff of the Department of Postgraduate Training for their valuable courses and endless support during my study at the university. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my beloved family and friends, who have always believed in me and given me strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of this research. e iii ABSTRACT Epistemic modality has been a well-researched area for decades.
The present paper aims to investigate the employment of epistemic means namely modal auxiliaries, modal adverbs, modal lexical verbs, modal adjectives and modal nouns in the English inspirational speeches by native speakers. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are mainly used combining with descriptive methods to serve the process of data analysis. In this study, 30 inspirational speeches were transcribed from the inspiring videos on Youtube and Ted Talks to form the data set. The data was then closely examined regarding the various types of epistemic markers and degrees of commitment.
The findings indicate a clear preference for modal auxiliaries over other types of epistemic markers. Meanwhile, modal nouns are the by far least frequent type of markers in the data. The examination of epistemic devices also shows the speaker’s tendency to select devices expressing the high commitment to frame their statements with personal attitudes and opinions. The issues unfolded from this study are hoped to offer a basis for further research related to epistemic modality.
It is also expected that the thesis could contribute to a better understanding of epistemic means in communication in general and in inspirational speeches in particular. e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iiii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF TABLES.
vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aim and objectives. Scope of the study.
Design of the study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Definition of Modality. Classification of Modality.
Definition of Epistemic Modality. Classification of Epistemic Modality. Epistemic Modality Markers. Theory of Motivation and Inspirational Speech.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. A Review of Previous Study on Modality Used in Different Genres. 34 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Frequency of EM markers in the speeches.
Modal Lexical Verbs. Degrees of commitment in the speeches. 66 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research.
73 APPENDIX e vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2. The possibility/ necessity notions of epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality. Examples of judgments and evidentials. Frequency and Distribution of Types of Epistemic Markers.
Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries. Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adverbs. Frequency and Distribution of Modal Lexical Verbs. Frequency and Distribution of Epistemic Modal Adjectives.
Frequency and Distribution of High Engagement Markers. Frequency and Distribution of Medium Engagement Markers. Frequency and Distribution of Low Engagement Markers. 66 e vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Distribution of types of epistemic markers. Distribution of levels of commitment. Rationale In inspirational speeches, as a type of persuasive discourse, the speakers are in the business of selling their products – their own practical experience and strategies that will create a positive emotional experience for the audiences (Erika, 2020) and influence their own ideas and decisions.
In Erika’s vein, an inspirational speech is often made so as to have intended effects on the audience: it “pushes apathy away and awakens people to new and exciting possibilities”. They are able to transcend their limitations and mundane lives to progress toward their goals. Most often, inspiration is found in others who say something or do something thought-provoking and meaningful. Thus, choice of words is considered as a matter of prime importance in composing an inspirational speech.
Accordingly, to express the degrees of truth and the speakers’ commitment to the truth of the utterance, the speakers have an array of epistemic device which can exert an intended effect on the audience. This linguistic device is an important means of expressing not only interpersonal functions, but also social roles of the speaker and the hearer (Halliday, 1970). Because of its important role in social communication, epistemic modality (EM) has been approached experimentally by different international scholars, (e. Aidinlou & Mohammadpour, 2012; Baumgarten & House, 2010; Fetzer, 2014; Khosravi, 2016; Milkovich & Sitarica, 2017; Rubin, 2010; Tôn Nữ Mỹ Nhật & Nguyễn Thị Diệu Minh, 2019).
While the studies reported above deal mostly with specific characteristics of EM such as lexical verbs “I think”, “I don’t know”, “I mean”, or specific EM’s functions in e 2 written discourse like in literary texts, EFL learners’ writings and research articles, few researches investigate the various linguistic devices used to express EM in oral genres, especially inspirational speeches. In terms of persuasive speech in general, scholars have a deep interest in the linguistic particularities of political speech or presidential debate. Some of these studies have focused on very specific features of political discourse such as the form, function and distribution of the ‘parenthetical’ construction (Urmson, 1952) and ‘I think’, ‘I mean’ and ‘I believe’ (Fetzer, 2014). Some other studies examined politeness strategies (Dailey et al., 2008; Hinck and Hinck, 2002) or rhetorical devices including metaphors, metonymies and analogies (Kulo, 2009; Latif, 2016).
However, there is no concentration on the linguistic features of inspirational speeches, particularly EM and meaning of various EM markers. Despite the existence of extensive literature in this specific domain, there has been a great need for more studies into the use of EM in English inspirational speeches. It seems to be an emerging kind of speech in spoken discourse but has gained much global popularity as positive emotional videos of speeches are delivered via Internet by renowned inspiring speakers. This has generated my motivation to conduct a study on “Epistemic Modality in English Inspirational Speeches” with the expectation of systematically presenting linguistic devices that express EM, having in mind that these are essential and ubiquitous in the inspirational area.
Aim and objectives 1. Aim The main aim of this study is to investigate the use of EM in English inspirational speeches by native presenters. Specifically, the thesis e 3 investigates the various linguistic devices used to express EM in inspirational speeches in association with basic semantic dimensions of EM. We attempt, therefore, to examine the most frequent epistemic markers as well as levels of speaker’s commitment in inspirational speeches.
Objectives To this end, the concentration of this study is aimed at the following objectives: - To identify various types of EM markers in English inspirational speeches; - To discuss the degrees of commitment of speakers in English inspirational speeches. Research questions The current study sought to answer the following research questions: 1. What types of epistemic markers are frequently used in English inspirational speeches? 2. What degrees of commitment are expressed in inspirational speeches? 1.
Scope of the study Among various means to denote modality, ranging from verbal ones such as epistemic modal auxiliaries, certain tenses or question tags to prosodic features of stress and intonation patterns, the study just investigates five types of epistemic markers, namely modal auxiliaries, lexical verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and nouns. In addition, it will be apparently impossible to carry out a large-scale investigation of English inspirational speeches within limited time. Instead, the study will concentrate on the analysis of 30 speeches made by native speakers which are published on the prestigious websites. Design of the study The study includes 5 chapters in which chapter 1, Introduction, presents the rationale, the aim, the scope and the structure of the study.
In this chapter, the researcher deals with the reasons to choose this topic and elaborates the methods of the study. Chapter 2, Literature Review, features an introduction to modality and EM as a whole. This chapter also serves to highlight the classification of EM in terms of degrees of commitment and word class as well as some previous studies on modality in different genres. Chapter 3, Research Design and Methodology, introduces the research methods, study procedures, data collection, and data analysis.
Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, processes the collected data and presents the researcher’s findings based on the analysis of the data. Chapter 5, Conclusion, consists of the summary of main findings on which conclusions are based, implications, limitations of the research and suggestions for further studies. e 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter serves to present the theoretical background on which the study is based and a summary of previous studies on analysis of EM in different genres. It is designed to encompass the introduction to modality and various approaches to its classification.
The next focus of this chapter lies on EM. Once the definition and subcategories of EM are presented, its realizations in written and spoken discourse are closely examined. Finally, inspirational speech as a genre is also defined and examplified. Definition of Modality There are a lot of different definitions of modality suggested by English and Vietnamese linguists.
Modality has been related to the term ‘attitude’ and ‘judgment’ (Givon, 1993; Lyons, 1977; Palmer, 1986, 2013; Simpson, 1993).452) defines modality as “the speaker’s opinion or attitude towards the proposition that the sentence expresses or the situation that the proposition describes”. According to Palmer (1986), he suggests that modality expresses the speaker’s attitude or opinion regarding the contents of the sentence or the proposition that the sentence expresses. Palmer (2013) considers modality as the realization of the speaker’s/writer’s opinion or attitude towards the situation of the proposition, or the proposition itself. Givon (1993) expresses his view about modality briefly as a display speaker’s attitude towards the utterance.
Along the same line, Simpson (1993) claims that modality refers to a speaker’s/writer’s attitude toward or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a sentence as well as the attitude toward the situation or event described by that sentence. e 6 Meanwhile, modality is summarized by Downing and Locke (2012) as a semantic category involving such notions as possibility, probability, necessity, volition, obligation and permission, along with other recently added terms such as doubt, wish, regret and desire, and temporal notions such as usuality. Similarly, modality in Depraetere and Reed’ s (2006, p.269) work is considered “a cover term for a range of semantic notions such as ability, possibility, hypotheticality, obligation, and imperative meanings”. It is also their claim that non-factivity, speaker’s judgment and necessity and possibility are the key notions in modality.