THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHAM HONG THANH STUDY THE SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT MODEL IN RURAL AREA: A STUDY IN NINH HIEP COMMUNE, GIA LAM, HA NOI BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Training and Development Center Batch: 2012- 2016 Thai Nguyen, 15/09/2016 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Pham Hong Thanh Student ID DTN1253180029 Thesis Title Study the solid wastes management model in rural area: a study in Ninh Hiep commune, Gia Lam, Ha Noi. Supervisor Nguyen Huu Tho, PhD, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Abstract: One major challenge faced by Ninh Hiep is dealing with the enormous amount of solid waste generation, especialy solid waste from craft village. A suitable collection models are considered on important factors in order to reduce the burden on the environment as well as collecting and handling solid waste arisesing efficiency. This study was conducted to study on a model for collecting solid wastes in Ninh Hiep commune , which was suitable to its practical conditions.
The main results were concerned with the volumes and components of solid waste generation in Ninh Hiep as a rural commune in the process of innovation and development, current situations in collecting and manager solid waste generated. i n Keywords Solid waste, Model, Waste collection, Managerment Number of Pages 50 Date of Submission 15/09/2016 Supervisor’s signature ii n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been greatly conducted from the support as well as assistance of many people whom I wishes to extend her grateful appreciation to the following people for their valuable contribution in order to make this research possible. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor: Msc Nguyen Huu Tho for his enthusiasm, patience, knowledge and immense. He provided me his invaluable useful comments, remarks, encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated thesis.
I would like to express sincere thanks to the school board Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of International Training and Development; Advanced Education Program, thank the teachers that have imparted to me the knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and researching here. My thanks send to employees, officers in Gia Lam urban environment enterprise for their support and assistance. My special thanks to Ms. Huynh Thi Thu Hien - vice president of Gia Lam urban environment enterprise for her suggestions, guidance and interested me during my internship.
My sincere thanks also go to the sanitation wokers of Binh Minh company for their help me to take my observation. iii n I also want to thank to my university friends for helping me and their friendship. I would like to express my deep gratitude and motivation to my parents, my family and for their encouragement throughout my studies. Ultimately, in the process of implementing the project, due my time and research levels are limited so this project is inevitable shortcomings.
So, I would like to receive the attention and feedback from teachers and friends to this thesis is more complete. I sincerely thank you! Pham Hong Thanh iv n TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Research question and Hypothesis.
Objectives of the study. The significance of research. Overview of Waste. Environmental pollution caused by solid waste.
The status of solid waste management in some countries around the world and in Vietnam. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The status of solid waste generation. Original source of solid waste generation.
The current status of solid waste in Ninh Hiep commune. The status of separation, recycling and reuse solid waste. The status of managemental organization. 47 vi n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The change in solid waste volume between 2011 and 2016.
27 Figure 2: Woker pick and separate some things that can be sold. 34 Figure 3: Solid waste managerment model in Ninh Hiep. 35 Figure 4: Sanitation worker pull the trash barrel go to transfer station. 37 Figure 5: Solid waste collection in Ninh Hiep.
38 Figure 6: Sanitation workers were loading garbage. 40 Figure 7: The composition of composting fertilizer from house hold solid waste in 2015. 41 vii n LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Component table of some basic gas emissions in landfill. 14 Table 2: Solid waste samples.
23 Table 3: Solid wastes generated from establishment sources. 24 Table 4: The volume of solid waste collection in diferent communes in 2012. 25 Table 5: The monthly average volume of solid waste in the first 6 month from 2011 to 2016 in Ninh Hiep. 26 Table 6: The amount of solid waste collected in Ninh Hiep commune in 5 months of 2016.
28 Table 7: The composition percentage of solid waste from household. 29 Table 8: The composition percentage of solid waste from market. 30 Table 9 Ninh Hiep's solid waste composition in 2015. 31 Table 10: Collection and transport systems in Ninh Hiep.
39 viii n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BOD5 Biochemical oxygen demand ratio COD Chemical oxygen demand CPC Commune people’s committee LEP Law of environmental protection MARD Ministry of agriculture and rural development MONRE Ministry of natural resources and environment MPI Ministry of planning and investment TOC Total organic carbon URENCO Urban environment company WB World Bank ix n PART I. Research rationale Human life is improving in high standard, following high demand of items for daily life that increase in the types of items and going to larger. It still tends to rise in number and the variety. Therefore, service sector and production service have much more increase dramatically to support the needs of human beings.
Base on the use and disposal after using production in wrong way, the problem on types of waste were generated by production, business and daily activities which have emerged and must be considered and found the correct and efficient treatment. According to confirm of the materials Cyclope Institute (Chalmin, 2012) and Veolia Propreté, the second largest waste management company in the world: The amount of trash collected worldwide is between 2.5 and 4 billion tons a year, the world now have the amount of trash similar with amount of cereal production (2 tons) and steel (a billion tons). The World Bank (WB, 2012) had warned of a waste crisis was becoming more serious, and created huge burden on finance as well as the environment for governments (Daniel & Perinaz, 2012). The study was conducted by Blacksmith Institute and Green Cross Switzerland in more than 3,000 locations in 49 countries shown that more than 200 million people worldwide were at risk of exposure to hazardous wastes (2013).
Meaning that they have to fight with these public health threats caused to serious social disease, especially for children (WHO, 2007). If there are no preventive measures to minimize the number of trashs, amount of trash will get bigger and bigger threat to security problems, 1 n social issue, and human health. Specifictly, human will release to the environment more than 11 million tons of solid waste per day in 2100, its number get high as 5 times as the amount of grain produced in a whole year (World Bank, 2015). Today, environmental problems including treatment and management solid waste have been concerned by government, departments and civilian.
But it has not been properly inspected so that pollution levels in somewhere are alarming as well as the sense of responsibility of the people in some places on environmental protection is not good, especially in rural areas. Rural areas in VietNam have significant changes along with economic transition towards industrialization and modernization of the country. Along with the process of urbanization and industrialization, rural areas are playing important role in the economy. New technologies have been applied to agricultural production such as livestock and crop production.
Besidethat, the handicraft sector is also interested in and developed. However, when the economic is not rich, the life of farmers have to face to a lot of difficult things. People concern about environmental protection as a marginalized and it is trivial, which issue difficult to take a good resolve for the environmental management in rural areas. The main sources of waste in rural areas are the packaging of plant protection, the abuse and the use of chemicals unreasonable in agricultural production, the handling of waste from the craft village, the treatment of waste from the craft village is inefficiency and unsatisfactory, beside that the sense of responsibility of the people in protecting the environment is not high, with inadequate attention and loose management from state agencies.
2 n According to statistics in 2014, there were about 90.7 million people in the total Vietnam population, inwhich 67% of the people living in rural areas. Meanwhile, the total national area was 330951 km2, 262805 km2 of agricultural land include cultivation land was 101511 km2, 153731 km2 of forest land, aquaculture land was 7120 km2 and rural residential land was 5496 km2 (accounting for 79.5% of the total land area of the country). The process of the economic and labor restructuring are relatively slow, but the structure of the production sector in rural areas is increasing diversely and promoted directly. Farm household sector structure is shifting to increase gradually in the number and proportion of households participate in non-agricultural production such as industrial, handicraft and service (MONRE, 2011).
Along with the positive changes in rural, Vietnam also expressed limitations and shortcomings: developing infrastructure in lack of planning, and spontaneous, around 23% of commune have planing but not high quality (MONRE, 2014). Technical infrastructure and social infrastructure is backward. Each year, in rural areas, it is about 6.35 million tons of household waste released, equivalent to each person released average around 0.3 kg / person / day (Chi, 2011). Environmental pollution has caused of serious consequences that bringing negative impact on agricultural ecosystems, affecting human health.
Meanwhile rural sanitation is poor and many shortcomings so protected rural environment is a matter of urgency because the pollution state in the rural environment is at an alarming rate in many places. Ninh Hiep is a commune in Gia Lam District, Hanoi. It is an agricultural commune through in parallel with the development of industrial clusters – handicrafts. In addition, there are 2 handcrafted sector which are Chinese herbs processing and garment 3 n production ( Gia Lam people's Committees, 2013).
Entire commune land area is 488.8ha with total population is about 16750 and having 8800 households living in 9 villages (2012). The average volume of solid waste arising was about 12 tons / day, and the amount of waste arising in average of year was 4047. Go to the first 6 months in 2016, the volume of average domestic solid waste generated was 16 tons / day (Binh Minh Company, 2016). The economic structure in Ninh Hiep commune continued get positive shift: a mere 3.2% of agricultural, industrial activities - handicrafts and trade - service are accounted for more than 96.
The growth rate of industrial activities - handicrafts is average of 14% per year, the trade and services sector is 16%. Thus industrial activities and handicrafts are accounted for the two biggest structure in the communal economy in recent years. Research question and Hypothesis The following are the research questions: 1. What kinds of solid wastes have discharged into the environment? How much? 2.
How have solid wastes collected and processed? Performance of collection and processing are how much? 3. How to improve processing performance of rural solid waste at present? Hypothesis 4 n As a concern, where the Industrial cluster and handicrafts place, the environmental concerns and wastes always need more attention and focus.