THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ----- ----- VU KHANH LINH HABITAT AND DIFFERENT CROP VARIETIES DETERMINING WEED SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITIES (STUDY CASES IN PALEMBANG AND INDRALAYA, INDONESIA) BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science And Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2013-2017 Thai Nguyen, 2017 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name VU KHANH LINH Student ID DTN 1354220205 “Habitat and different crop varieties determining Thesis title weed species composition and diversities (Study cases in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia)”. Maria Fitriana1 Supervisor(s) 3. Dwi Putro Priadi1 4. Duong Van Thao2 ABSTRACT: In the fact, a weed is a plant considered undesirable in anywhere.
This definition can be used to crops, native plants as well as non –native species. Most kind of weeds are considered troublesome where the weed will be grown up. Besides, weeds are not just unwanted species; they can have substantial negative impacts when they are present. In addition, weeds can effectively compete with crop species; can lower yields, increase labour requirement and ultimately, increase food costs for the consumer.
A total of 63 plant species, belonging to 55 genera and 32 families were identified as crop land weeds in Indralaya and palembang, South sumatra of Indonesia. The predominant weeds of this category are Borreria alata (Rubiaceae), Eleusine indica (Poaceae), Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) and Cyperus kyllingia (Cyperaceae). Poaceae is the largest representing 13 species. Cyperaceae occupies 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia 2 The Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam i the second position with 5 species followed by Phyllanthaceae (4), Asteraceae (2), Convolvulaceae (2), Euphorbiaceae (2), Plantaginaceae (2).
Habitat and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversities. Besides, climate factors such as sunlight, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall differentially affect the uptake, translocation, and activity of different herbicide chemistries and during the time, weeds is growing in the crop. Moreover, interactions among these climate factors may have unpredictable effects on herbicide activity. Currently, little original research is available on niche and trait shifts of arable weeds with regard to habitat.
Analysis of the weed density and species number showed that the amount of fertilizers, chemicals and crop sown in the current season and climate affected weed species diversity and density in the surveyed fields. Keywords Habitat, crop varieties, herbicides, fertilizers, diversity, Rubiaceae , Poaceae, Portulacaceae, Cyperaceae… Number of pages: 47 pages Date of submission: September 20th, 2017 Supervisor’s signature ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT From bottom of my heart, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Dr. Arinafril and Dr. Maria Fitriana who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with their duties, took time out to hear, guide, keep me on the correct path and complete report during the time of conducting the research at Sriwijaya University (Unsri) campuses in Indralaya and Palembang.
They also helped me in doing a lot of researches and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly, I also wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Duong Van Thao who gives me an opportunity, guidance and support me to complete thesis. I would also like to express my great appreciation to Dr.
Dwi Putro Priadi for his constant support, patient guidance and suggestions related to my work. I sincerely thank the additional staffs of International Office in Sriwijaya University (Unsri) and Library in Graduate Program and Indonesian friends who have supported me and having the best moments while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia. Besides, I thank the owners of each farm where the weed survey were conducted. My sincere thanks also go to Mai, Didi, Dian and Ota Handani for helping me finish this study.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank all of my parents and dear friends who always encourage and back me up unceasingly. They helped me a lot in finalizing this study within the limited time frame. Sincerely, VU KHANH LINH iii TABLES OF CONTENT ABSTRACT:. iii TABLES OF CONTENT.
iv LIST OF FIGURES. vi LIST OF TABLLES .vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. viii PART 1: INTRODUCTION.1 Background and rationale .1 Introduction about weeds .1 The origins and definitions of weeds .2 The classification of weeds .3 Advantages and disadvantages .2 Impact of habitat on diversity of weeds .4 Temperature and humidity .5Fertilizers and pesticides………………………………………………………11 2.3 Palembang and Indralaya. 12 iv PART 3: METHODS .1 Time and Place .1 Methods of investigation and Sampling methods.
17 PART 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Herbarium preparation and the relationship between places .5 Effects of fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides on weed communities. 41 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure.1: Classification of weeds based on association with crops. 7 Figure 2: Sample plots for measurement of taking samples. 14 Figure 3: The transect locations in Indralaya and Palembang.
Sources: Image Landsat from Google Earth (free version). 16 Figure 4: A single-linkage cluster dendrogram showing the similarity place found at five light-trap sites in 5 reseach places. Taxa of Weed Plants. 31 Figure 6: Some pictures of pesticides and herbicides used in fields.
36 vi LIST OF TABLLES Table 1: The Origin of Important Weeds. 6 Table 2: Co-ordinate point of transects. 17 Table 3: Hypothetical matrix of similarity coeffiicients for different fields at two places in Indralaya and three places in Palembang-Indonesia. 23 Table 4: The species of each field types in the study site.
25 Table 5: Weed families of Indralaya and Palembang, Indonesia. 28 Table 6: Monthly total precipitation and average temperatures in Indralaya and Palembang. 32 Table 7 : presents the factor in planting areas in the Palembang and Indralaya. 33 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TSP: Triple superphosphat GDP: Gross Domestic Product UNSRI: Sriwijaya University USAID: United States Agency for International Development FAO: Food and Agriculture Ozganization of the United Nations viii PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale As the world’s largest archipelago of 17,000 islands, Indonesia spans two bio- geographic regions - the Indonesia and Australia - and supports tremendous biodiversity of animal and plant life in its pristine rain forests and its rich coastal and marine areas.
Indonesia is home to the world’s richest biological diversity of plant and animal life on the entire planet (USAID, 2008). The country has the highest marine diversity in the world, and the second largest area of rainforest (USAID, 2008). Indonesia is situated in a favorable geographical position and it has opulently endowed with lush natural resources. However, in the recent years, climate factors are affected very widely in agriculture, forestry, public health, biodiversity and natural resources.
Climate in Indonesia not only has implications for the country's environment, it also immensely affects its people and development. Weather is the immediate phenomenon day-to-day, the local would be affected by natural phenomena such as temperature, precipitation, light intensity and duration, wind direction and velocity, and relative humidity. Indonesia's economy has been growing at a fast pace over the last two decades due to good economic policy and politica stability (Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Besides, Indonesia is suffering from climate change such as droughts, heat waves and floods.
The natural phenomenons affected by climate change, these are a greater major challenge for the development of Indonesia in the near future. In any given location these weather factors assume a certain pattern, changing day by day, week by week, month by month and season by season, and the same pattern repeats year by year. This pattern is the location’s climate. If the area is small or near the ground surface, the pattern is called the microclimate.
Thus, climate represents the summation of many decades of weather in a given area. Past climate records allow one to predict with some accuracy the weather of a given area for a certain time of year. Each plant species has certain habitat 1 requirements for optimum growth, and the success or failure of the crop is based on how well the crop variety requirments of that species or cultivar are met (Sakata et al, 2008).com) Indonesia is the world's fourth-largest populous country and the 10th-largest agricultural producer in the world. Agriculture is essential for the Indonesian economy.
With its fertile and fertile agricultural land, Indonesia is home to many tropical 2 agricultural products, especially rice. Around 49 million people work in agriculture (42% of the country's population) and contribute 13.5% of the country's total GDP (FAO-2013). Weed is an important factor in the management of all land and water resources, but their effecitve impact is greatest on the agriculture. Weeds compete with crop plants for nutrients, soil moisture and sunlight.
The density of weed competition depend on: type of weed species, severity of weed infestation, duration of weed infestation, competing ability of crop plants and special, climatic conditions which affect weed and crop growth( Kropff et al. In addition, weeds in the tropics have limited crop yields and have imposed a heavy burden on the human. Under the optimum growing conditions of high temperatures and ample moisture, the weeds grow rapidl and profusely, produce several generations per year and have a high population per unit area. It addition to the common perennial weeds, many species usually considered to be annuals behave like perennials under tropical growing conditions.
Since modern weed control involves sophisticated techniques, including the ability to develop of weed control program. Common weeds are those which are easy to control and although well distributed , are not aggressive (Zinn et al.2 Research objective The object in this study is to measure the diversity of weeds in different habitats and crops in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia. Besides, this study will determines the effect of several factors, such as climate factors (temperature and precipitation), use of chemicals (fertilizer, herbicides, and pesticides) on weed diversity.3 Research’s question This study is designed to address the following question: How is the habitats and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversities in Palembang and Indralaya, Indonesia? 3 1.4 Hypothesis The hypothesis assumes that most weed communities exist in a state of nonequilibrium where competitive equilibrium is prevented by periodic population reductions and environmental fluctuations. When competitive equilibrium is prevented, a dynamic balance may be established between the rate of competitive displacement and the frequency of population reduction, which results in a stable level of diversity.
Under conditions of different crop varieties and habitats, an increase in the population growth rates of competitors generally results in decreased weeds diversity.5 The requirements - Data collection to be honest, objective and accurate. - Assessing the impact of is the habitats and different crop varieties determining weed species composition and diversitie in Palembang and Indralaya.6 Limitations Lack of experience in the classification of grass species by families and genera.1 Introduction about weeds 2.1 The origins and definitions of weeds Weeds have been in the nature before human started cultivating crops. They were undoubtedly recognized as a problem since the beginning of civilization (Kumar et al,2016).However, weeds were recognized individually in the ancient time near eastern civilization. But the reseacher has little evidence that a word or words existed for collective term “weed”.
Besides, the growing of plants were considered useful, but the emergence of weeds existed against the desired of human. Weeds are useless and harmful plants that persistently grow where it is not wishes. Although, weeds are not only depend on the characteristics but also the location of their effects in the other crops and human's life. Therefore, the plant without practical benefits can also become a weed.The weeds have been defined by several scientists in different ways such as: A plant growing where it is not desired.
A plant that grows spontaneously in a habitat that has been greatly modified by human action. Weed has objectionable habits or toxicology where their grow.