ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC GIÁO DỤC PHẠM ĐỨC LONG ĐO LƯỜNG NĂNG LỰC HÀNH NGHỀ CỦA SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC NHÓM NGÀNH CÔNG NGHỆ KỸ THUẬT: PHÂN TÍCH TỪ QUAN ĐIỂM CỦA NGƯỜI SỬ DỤNG LAO ĐỘNG (MEASURING THE EMPLOYABILITY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES: AN ANALYSIS FROM EMPLOYERS’ PERSPECTIVES) LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ ĐO LƯỜNG VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ TRONG GIÁO DỤC Mã số: 9140115 HÀ NỘI – 2024 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC GIÁO DỤC PHẠM ĐỨC LONG ĐO LƯỜNG NĂNG LỰC HÀNH NGHỀ CỦA SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC NHÓM NGÀNH CÔNG NGHỆ KỸ THUẬT: PHÂN TÍCH TỪ QUAN ĐIỂM CỦA NGƯỜI SỬ DỤNG LAO ĐỘNG (MEASURING THE EMPLOYABILITY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES: AN ANALYSIS FROM EMPLOYERS’ PERSPECTIVES) LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ ĐO LƯỜNG VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ TRONG GIÁO DỤC CHUYÊN NGÀNH: ĐO LƯỜNG VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ TRONG GIÁO DỤC Mã số: 9140115 Người hướng dẫn khoa học: 1. Nguyễn Thúy Nga 2. Tăng Thị Thùy NGHIÊN CỨU SINH CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 1 CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN 2 XÁC NHẬN CỦA ĐƠN VỊ ĐÀO TẠO HÀ NỘI – 2024 DECLARATION I certify that: 1. This thesis has been undertaken by my effort under the guidance of two supervisors.
To the best of my knowledge, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Hanoi, 30th December 2024 Pham Duc Long i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been a long journey that involved the assistance and support of many people I respect. Firstly, I am indebted to my first supervisor, Associate Professor Nguyen Thuy Nga, for guiding and motivating me to write the thesis in English. I would also like to express my gratitude to my second supervisor, Dr.
Tang Thi Thuy, for her expertise, encouragement, and training for the SMARTPLS 4 as I carried out my thesis. Without Associate Professor Nguyen Thuy Nga and Dr. Tang Thi Thuy for their continuous encouragement and supervision, I would not have completed this study. Secondly, I offer my sincere thanks to Professor Nguyen Quy Thanh (UEd), Associate Professor Le Thai Hung (UEd), Associate Professor Vu Trong Luong (UEd), Dr Bui Thi Kim Phuong (HUST) and Dr Nguyen Hong Mai (FTU) for keeping me on track.
I would like to thank lecturers and administrative staff members of the Faculty of Quality Management, University of Education. They have supplied me with tremendous learning opportunities and material resources necessary for my research. Thirdly, I am thankful to Associate Professor Tran Duc Quy, Dr Kieu Xuan Thuc, Dr Phan Dang Hung, Dr Nguyen Van Thanh, Dr Tran Viet Hoi, Dr. Le Viet Anh and Dr Nguyen Hoang Tu at Hanoi University of Industry for their support, time, and encouragement.
My thanks are also sent to the leaders and staff of many enterprises, who provided invaluable research information by participating in developing and validating the scale and measuring graduate employability. As I promised them, I have tried my best to complete a study for the development of Vietnam’s high-quality sources of engineers and puts my tiny contributions to the growth of the educational measurement and assessment sector. Lastly, I must say particular words of thanks to my family: my wife, children, and parents. This thesis would never have been completed without them.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi A LIST OF TABLES. Statement of the Problem.
Purposes and Research Questions of the Study. Research Design and Methodology Overview. Significance of the Study. Organization of the Study.
7 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Employability theory, approach, and model. Human capital theory. Competence-based approach to employability.
USEM model of employability. CIPD employability model. Previous studies on development and validation of employability scale. Previous studies on the measurement of graduate employability.
Proposed employability components model. 43 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY. Items creation for the proposed scale. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE SCALE.
Development of employability scale .1 Expert feedback results in the first round .2 Expert feedback results in the second round. Scale components after taking expert feedback. Validation of employability scale. Measurement model of 4 first-order constructs and 52 items.
Measurement model of 4 first-order constructs and 47 items. Assessing structural model. MEASUREMENT OF GRADUATES’ EMPLOYABILITY. Graduates' levels of employability .1 Difference in the age range to graduates’ employability.
Difference in kinds of enterprise to graduates’ employability. 163 Appendix 3: Analysis of scale items. 169 v ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning ABET Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology AA Attitudes and other attributes AAA Attitude AAD Dependability AAI Initiative AAT Thoughtfulness ANOVA Analysis of Variance AVE Average Variance Extracted CIPD Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis CR Composite Reliability EM Employability ET Engineering technology GS Generic skills GSC Communication skills GSL Lifelong learning GSP Problem-solving skills GST Teamwork HEIs Higher education institutions HTMT Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations IT Information Technology KSA Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude KT Technical knowledge M Mean MOET Ministry of Education and Training PLS-SEM Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling SD Standard Deviation SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ST Technical skills USEM Understanding, Skills, Efficacy, and Metacognition VIF Variance Inflation Factor vi A LIST OF TABLES Table I. The research process of the present research.
Employability scale in engineering-technology majors. Types of university-enterprise collaboration for employability. Human capital matrix for employability. Four employability constructs and their reference sources.
List of generic competences in Croatian national survey 2017. Scopus database’s top 10 graduate attributes in 2005-2015 studies. Generic employability skill scale for engineering and science graduates in New Zealand. Siemens’ employability scale of generic skills.
Five generic skills components used in the study. Four components for attitude and other attributes. Types of interviews and questionnaires in qualitative research. Components in the proposed employability scale.
Criteria for selecting experts to answer the draft question. Experts’ detailed characteristics. Sample characteristics in the pilot test. Number of graduates in August 2018 at University A.
Sample characteristics in the official test. Scale score giving and its descriptors. Acceptance criteria for reliability and validity for reflective measurement model assessments in PLS-SEM. Acceptance criteria for structural model assessments in PLS-SEM.
The data analysis technique to measure graduates’ employability. Expert feedback on technical knowledge for the first round. Expert feedback on technical skills for the first round. Expert feedback on generic skills for the first round.
Expert feedback on attitude and other attributes for the first round. Expert feedback on technical knowledge for the second round. Expert feedback on technical skills for the second round. Expert feedback on generic skills for the second round.
Expert feedback on attitude and other attributes for the second round. Scale components after taking expert feedback. Code switch table after the Delphi method and for a pilot test. Questionnaire for a pilot test.
Cronbach’s alpha and the CR indicator of subconstructs. Outer loadings matrix of constructs before adjustment. AVE of individual constructs before adjustment. Discriminant validity-HTMT matrix of constructs before adjustment.
Cronbach’s alpha and CR indicators of second-order constructs after adjustment. Outer loadings matrix of subconstructs after adjustment. CR and AVE of subconstructs after adjustment. Discriminant validity-HTMT matrix of subconstructs after adjustment.
Employability components in the official questionnaire. The first structural model explanation power. The first structural model's path coefficients. The second structural model explanation power.
The second structural model's path coefficients. Reliability and validity of the employability scale. Employers’ graduates’ employability assessment. Assessment of second-order constructs of graduates’ employability.
Graduates' employability levels of technical knowledge. Graduates' employability levels of technical skills. Graduates' employability levels of generic skills. Test of Homogeneity of Variances in the age range.
Welch test in the age range. Descriptive statistics in age range. Test of Homogeneity of Variances in kinds of enterprises. ANOVA in kinds of enterprises.
Descriptive statistics in kinds of enterprises. 128 viii A LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Engineering technology and engineering. Malaysian framework for engineering employability skills.
USEM employability model. CIPD employability model. Pull-push circle to foster employability skills. Graduate employability from employers’ views in Bangladeshi.
Proposed employability component model of the present research 43 Figure 2. Exploratory sequential design. Measurement model with 52 indicators. Measurement model with 47 indicators.
The first structural model with 47 indicators. The first structural model's hypothesized path evaluation. The second structural model with 47 indicators. The second structural model's hypothesized path results.
Radar spider web diagram of graduates' generic skills. Radar spider web diagram of graduates' attitude and other attributes. Statement of the Problem The Fourth Industrial Revolution has brought about incredible changes in the labour market. It has created many new jobs for fresh graduates.
Simultaneously, it has caused unemployment among “the low skilled and lower educated” (Teng et al. In the context of the accelerating rate of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Vietnam's socio-economic development has encountered human resource challenges to meet the national economic target due to "low quality of education, particularly at the tertiary level, low research capacity, and a mismatch between training and labour needs" (Australian Government, 2014, p. Furthermore, Vietnam needed skilled people in science and technology for the economic target, but Vietnamese-trained engineers found it challenging to keep pace with technology development (VOV, 2016). The rapid growth of globalisation, job insecurity, and new university creation have caused precarity for the labour market and higher education, which brings new challenges preventing fresh graduates from finding and partaking in employment (Neroorkar, 2022).
In addition, a mismatch exists between employer requirements and higher education institutions’ supplies, which primarily causes a contrasting picture of graduates’ employment. Employers expect to recruit graduates who are ready to work. However, they cannot recruit qualified graduates, although universities provide more graduates than the need of the employment market (Tran, 2019). Many university graduates cannot find jobs qualified for university degree holders, so they experience jobs which require a high school education (Li et al.
Globalisation has dramatically affected the manufacturing sector (Danielson et al., 2006), where jobs in “electronics, automotive, aerospace, consumer goods, energy” (Danielson et al.20) can be sought by engineering technology (ET) graduates after leaving university. Danielson et al., (2006) warned that engineering technology programs needed to prepare students to address new challenges due to the globalisation of industry, in which the appearance of smart factories put the high requirement of skills and qualifications for ET graduates (Azmi et al. Furthermore, employers tended to require 1 engineering graduates to reach application skills at higher levels to “work in a multicultural work environment” (Chenicheri Sid Nair, 2009, p. In such an unstable context, employability is “a key factor determining the success” (Neroorkar, 2022, p.844) of fresh graduates and securing their growth in the knowledge-based economy (Finch et al.
Employability is considered an asset (Tran, 2016) that can provide graduates with a competitive advantage. Employability is necessary for fresh graduates to transition smoothly to the workplace and from one organisation to another.21) identified employability as “a set of skills, knowledge and personal attributes that make an individual more likely to secure and be successful in their chosen occupation(s) to the benefit of themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy”. Small et al. (2018) state that tertiary education institutions worldwide are constantly pressured to provide work-readiness graduates.
Tight (2023) also stresses that higher education needs to produce graduates who can “make immediate and productive inputs to the economy” (Tight, 2023, p.